Reformation

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Terms: ID the following terms. Include any and all information that you feel is relevant to the term. If possible identify any other IDs your term is related to.


 * Thomas More, Utopia** - Was a publication that was made for the public to read. The purpose of the publication was to point out the flaws in society hoping that it would help change society for the better. Thomas More was a close friend of Henery the 8th's in England. He was later beheaded by Henery.


 * Francois Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel** -It describes life at an imaginary monastery (the abbey of Theleme). This demonstrates the immense difference between monasteries of the Renaissance and medieval ones.


 * Michel De Montaigne, the essay** -


 * William Shakespeare** - an English poet and playwrite. Often called England's national poet. Wrote famous plays such as Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caeser, McBeth, and many others.


 * Flemish Style** -Flemish painters were considered the artistic equals to Italian painters. They were admired even in Italy and worked before Michelangelo. They were very detail orientated for greater realism and remarkable attention to human personality. Northern architecture was little influenced by the classical revival in Renaissance Rome and Florence.


 * Jan van Eyck** - A flemish painter. He was considered on of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century. He is one of the earliest artists to successfully use oil-based paints. Some paintings of his are //Ghent Altarpiece// and //Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride.//


 * Borsh** -


 * Fugger Family** -A wealthy bank family. They wanted to be bishops but the church required them to buy the offices.


 * Simony** - the act of buying or selling an office, named after Simon Magus, who tried buying the ability to spread the Holy Spirit from Peter and John


 * Pluralism** -the act of a member of the clergy holding more than one office. Pluralism latter on would come to be one of the main causes of Catholic reformation.


 * Nepotism** -When someone would appoint another person to a job because they were either a friend or a family member.

It was a major issue because the "clergy" of a certain parish would collect all of the revenue while only visiting the church a few, if any times in his lifetime. He would hire a priest to do the sermons for him. Was one of the factors that lead to reformation in many European countries.
 * Absenteeism** -When a member of clergy wouldn't be at the office he was holding because he was holding another office.

Martin Luther disapproved of this policy imensly, believing that salvation was based on faith, not buying repentence when you are about to die. But this did lead to Martin Luther writing a letter (the 95 Theses) to Archbishop Albert which was very controvesial and would have lead to some form of punishment had Duke Frederick not protected Luther.
 * Sale of indulgences** - the sale of indulgences was clergymen selling indulgences, or time taken off of someones time in purgatory, and were sold by Archbishop Albert with the help of John Tetzel. yo


 * Clerical ignorance** -The education level was very low and was not enforced. Most priests were unable to read or write and they were less educated than most of the laity.


 * Martin Luther** - He was on his way to becoming a lawyer until the storm, where he promised god he would become a priest if he let him live. He then studied Paul's letter. He wrote the 95 theses. On June 15, 1520 the pope said to burn all of his books or he would become a heretic. He reformed the Catholic church, so that it was **all scripture** and not tradition.


 * On Christian Liberty** - Martin Luther's written argument that is the most influential compared to his other works. Wanted to prevent a split in the church.


 * 95 Thesis** - A book that Martin Luther wrote against the Catholic church.He wrote it because he was upset that ignorant people believed that they had no further need for repentance once they had purchased an indulgence. He wrote it to Archbishop Albert in a letter called the "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences." He believed indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the Gospel, and downplayed the importance of charity.


 * On the Jews and Their Lies** - A book that Martin Luther wrote saying all the bad things that Jews have done, like killing cristain babys and sinning against God. Martin Luther's call to action in this book was to destroy all evidence of the Jewish religion so no more of their lies would spread.


 * Against the Peasants** -Written by Martin Luther against the peasants. During the "Peasant Wars" Luther urged lords to kill the peasants to avoid a social upheaval.


 * Marriage and Celibacy** -Written by Martin Luther in 1566. It said that the woman and the man should be equal in marriage. This is wierd because and a priest, he never expirianced a marriage befor this book.


 * Johann Tetzil** - was hired by Archbishop Albert to sell indulgences. He mounted an advertising blitz. he even drew up a chart with specific prices for the forgiveness of particular sins.


 * Johann Eck** - He was a german theologian and defender of Catholicism during the reformation.


 * “priesthood of all believes”** - The **priesthood of all believers** or the **universal priesthood**, as it would come to be known in the present day, is a Christian doctrine believed to be derived from several passages of the New Testiment

But Luther was protected by Duke Frederick.
 * Diet of Worms** -The first diet of emperor Charles V. He was 21 at the time. He summoned Luther to appear, but he refused because he denied the power of the pope. Charles V then declared Luther an outlaw.


 * Confessions of Augsburg** - is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation. It was written in both German and Latin. It is also known as the Augustana.
 * Peasants’ War** - a series of riots that occured as a result of one of luthers publication. They thought that Luther was on their side when he said that no man is a servant to any. At the begining Luther didn't have a problem with it, but then said to kill any peasants that you see.


 * Hapsburg-Valois War** - A war in wich France(Valois) and everyone around France like Spain and Germany(Hapsburgs). France wanted to weaken the powers arond them, so they gave the revolulinists money and armys, so the states would be worrying about the inside of there country than trying to takeover France.


 * Peace of Augsburg 1555** - Ended the Hapsburg-Valois War. France lost. The **Peace of Augsburg** was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg, now in present-day Bavaria, Germany.


 * Anabaptists** - believed that only adults could make religious decisions, like getting baptised. They also believed in seperation of church and state and weren't aloud to hold political offices or join the military. they also influenced the Quakers and other pacifist groups.


 * Mennonites** - A group of Christian Anabaptist named after Frisian Menno Simons. The believed in both the mission and ministry of Jesus Christ.

Were also known as Puritans. They had a very strong work ethic, but were often kicked out of countries for their beliefs. This why many of them end up in America later on... before the Quakers ended up in America they first left England to live in the Netherlands; however, after taking much religious harassment and also having the fear of their children being "dutchafied" they then left the Netherlands and went on to settle in America, even more accurate Pennsylvania, which was the first territory to have freedom of religion.
 * Quakers -**


 * Ulrich Zwingli** - was a Swiss humanist. he introduced the reformation in Switzerland. He was elected the People's Priest at the new Minster in Zurich. he attacked indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy.

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 * John Calvin** - He was the one to start the Calvanist revolution against Catholisim. It sarted in Geneva. Calvanists thought that state should be run by the church.//Calvansim was the religion he started, and it believed that people did not have free will, and there was predestination( God yhad already decided the fate of people after death). Although most would think predestination was bad, many people in Geneva did good works to prove that they were the chosen ones to be taken into Heaven. They acted morally good and helped others.//======


 * Institutes of the Christian Religion** - Calvin's book, published in 1536. It asserted that God is omnipotent and holds absolute sovereignty, humans are as insignificant as grains of sand.

//**Catechism**// - A book that one writes to lay out there beliefs on what they think is right.


 * Predestination** - The idea that one's fate is already pre determined by God. In other words its either they are going to heaven or hell. People would do good acts, to try to show that their fate was that they were going to heaven.

"The city that was a church." Everyone in Geneva is Calvinist. It did not make any distinction between what would be considered crimes against society or Christian misconduct. Citizens could not miss sermons, criticize the ministers, dance, play car ds, have fights in the family, or drink heavily. If citizens failed to follow the rules, they were either banished or executed.
 * Geneva** - Where John Calvin stared Calvanism. In eastern Germany and northern Italy.


 * Michael Servetus** -He escaped the Spanish Inquisition after he questioned the Catholic faith. He left for Geneva and tells Calvin of his plight. Calvin burns him at the stake for not believing in key Christian ideas (trinity, baptism)

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 * Protestant work ethic** - //Luther, wrote in a time when ordinary work was devalued, and he was attempting to give work a new dignity before God. In any case, his emphasis was on diligence in work and its usefulness to others, not on a preoccupation with work or on its personal significance. Calvin insisted on the importance of each person’s finding a place through work for his or her God-given gifts (or talents) and of work as embodying and expressing the mutual dependence of people on each other, that is, as a concrete expression of human fellowship, solidarity and community.//======


 * John Knox** -He studied Calvin and wanted to bring his ideas to Scotland. During the reign of Mary he fled to Germany to seek refuge. He wrote the "Book of Common Order" which was a dictionary/instructions for how to follow the faith. He made Scotland a national/state church.


 * Presbyterianism** - was founded by John Knox. It was established the Presbyterian church of Scotland, and was named because presbyters, or ministers, not bishops, governed it.


 * Huguenots** - French Calvinists durring the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Led by Henry of Navarre in the war of the three Henry's.


 * Puritans** - were called Puritans because they wanted to "purify the church". Were some of the first people to successfully settle in America. Some famous puritans were Ann Bradstreet who wrote, "Upon the burning of our house" and William Bradford who wrote, "Of Plymouth Plantation."

Was a result of both religion and politics in England, mostly resulting from King Henry's personal issues with his choice of wife. He reforms England using the parliament, granting the crown ultimate authority, making the King head of the church, and basically making the King the most powerful man in the country.
 * English Reformation** -


 * William Tyndale** -sparked reform in 1524 when he translated the Bible into English.

The King of England during the reformation period. He did not originally support the reform and called himself "the protector of the faith". His first wife, Catherine of Aragon, he married mostly to advance himself politically. However he did trust her in chanrge of England for 5 years while he was away at war- which he was for a good portion of his life. He then fell in love with Anne Boleyn, ***see THE WIVES OF HENRY VIII*** and although he obviously had a few flaws in his social and marriage life, he was effective in keeping England safe, wealthy, and powerful.
 * Henry VIII** -


 * The Act in Restraint of Appeals** - the start of a political process that effectively transferred the power of the Catholic Church to the king, Henry VIII and his advisors

Required all members of the clergy to take an oath of alligiance to the King.
 * The Act of Submission of the Clergy** -

Her marriage to Henry was not easily obtained. She was his brother;s wife and they had to specially ask Pope Julius to allow them to get married legitimatly . She was married to Henry for twenty years and had a daughter named Mary. Henry had the marriage declared invalid and had her banished to court. Ruled England for 5 years while Henry was away at war. 2 - Anne Boleyn. She was in court as one of Catherine's entourage. They had a daughter, Elizabeth. Anne was later executed after being accused of adultery, although it was actually because she was (in Henry's eyes) incapable of giving birth to a male heir. 3 - Jane Seymour. Maid of honor for Catherine and Anne. Jane gives birth to a son, Edward VI. She died twelve days later due to complications. 4 - Anne of Cleves. Married to Henry in 1540. Neither of them were happy and the marriage was annulled. Anne spent the rest of her life living as Henry's sister. 5 - Katherine Howard. She was a first cousin to Anne Boleyn. She had affairs and was arrested, then later beheaded. 6 - Katherine Parr. She married Henry July 12, 1543. She reconciled Henry and Mary.
 * The Wives of Henry VIII** - 1- Cathrine of Aragon.


 * Thomas Cranmer** - was an Archbishop that simplified the liturgy, invited the Protestant theologians to england, and prepared the first Book of Common Prayer 915490. It included the order for all services of the Church of England.

**Church of England** - //Demands reform, William Tyndale in 1524 sparks reform as he hears of Martin Luther's reforms. Tyndale translates the bible into English.//

 * Pilgrimage of Grace** - A title given to the widespread revolt against Henry VII. It started in late 1536 and finished early 1537.

The only (legitimate) son of King Henry VII. HIs mother was Jane Seymour, Henry's third wife who later died 12 days after his birth. He was ver sickly as a boy and teenager but took over the thrown in his late teens to early twenties but made no real contributions to England for he died very young, only ruling for about 5 years.
 * Edward VI** -
 * Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary”** - She was the Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon.She ruled from 1553-1558. She married Phillip II of Spain. She was given the name "Bloody Mary" because of her ruthless attacks on Protestants.

Elizabeth was the first of King Henry VII's offspring to make any possitive contributions to England. She was not very passionate about religion, but she wanted stability in her own country and made the Elizabethan settlement.
 * Elizabeth I** -

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 * Politique** - //Were moderates of both Catholic and Protestant religions. They believe that the only way to save France in the 1570's is to have a stong monarchy. They recognize the Huguenots but dont fully eccept them. They are able to do this because of the death of Catherine deMedici. They establish Peace of Beaulieu.//======

Was created by Elizabeth I to create religious stability in England between the protestants, puritans, and catholics. It was an outward conformity in which everyone had to attend the traditional catholic services and ceremonies, but did not have to believe what was preached. One had to keep their religion personal.
 * Elizabethan Settlement** -


 * Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots** - At one time claimed the crown of four nations: Scotland, France, England and Ireland. Her mother was Mary of Guise who as a member of the French Family Guise. Was beheaded by the order Of Queen Elizabeth because she had plotted to execute her and Elizabeth found out.


 * Angela Merici, Ursuline order of Nuns** -It tried to educate women. Angela Merici was the daughter of a country gentleman and she worked for many years among the poor, sick and uneducated in Brescia, Italy. In 1535 she established the order. It is the first women's religious order concentrating exclusively on teaching young girls. Their goal was to re-Christianize society by training the future wives and mothers. In 1565 the Ursuline were officially recognized.


 * Catholic Counter Reformation** - It was when the pope and the cardinals got together to stop the corruption that was going on in the Catholic church. They made a law that said that you could only hold one office and that you had to live where your church was. They educated the priests and the clergy.


 * Pope Paul III** - Pope Paul was a good pope that brought together the Council to Trent from 1545-1563 to counter reform the Catholic Church.

The problems that were meant to be corrected by the Council of Trent were: pluralism, absenteeism, eduacation of the laity, the education of the clergy, moral corruption amongst clergy.
 * Council of Trent** - Was a council that got together and fixed most of the problems of the catholic church by getting rid of most of the corrupted clergy men. It's purpose was to reform the church and to reconcile with the Protestants.


 * Jesuits** - They were Cathlic monks that travaled the wold trying to convert people. They were very educated and very powerfull, because they heled state offices in almost every country.

Created the society of Jesus, Jesuits, who were catholics who went where they felt they were needed, despite any physical pain it may cause them. They tried to convert many people.
 * Ignatius Loyola** -


 * Spanish and Italian Inquisitions** - They were thugs that spied on the people to see if they were practicing the right religion and seeing if they were trying to undermine the throne. If they suspected you of one of these things, they would torture or kill you.