The+French+Revolution

This is the power point that "goes" with your chapter 21. It might be a god idea to print this off and add notes to it as you read, or just use it as an extra resource/guide as to what you should know.

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 * Louis XV:** (r. 1715-1774) He replaced his great-grandfather, Louis XIV, when he died. After the War of Austrian Succession, France was in financial crisis. In 1748 he appointed a finance minister and they created a 5% income tax on all French citizens. Many people argued against this taxation (many were exempt ex: nobility, clergy etc.) The French Parliament protested and declared the king's power should be limited and Louis XV dropped the tax. This happed again after the Seven Years War and the taxes were once again withdrawn in 1764. He finally appointed Maupeou to oppose the Parliament. He abolished parliaments and abolished members. He then created a new parliament of royal officials and began to tax all citizens. The public, to oppose the king, made many scandalmongering (:D) and pornographic attacks on the king and the new court. Because of this, the royal authority began to wane because the sacred, anointed image of monarchy was being stripped. He died in 1774 before the end of opposition to his reforms.


 * Madame de Pomadour- ** She was a mistress of Louis XV and a member of the French court. After the war of Austrian succession she drew more and more resources into the lavish court.


 * // Parlement: // ** They originally came from the middle-class but by the 18th century had risen to nobility and the positions were passed from father to son. They were abolished during Louis XIV absolutist reign, but were restored in 1715 by the duke of Orleans after Louis XIV died and was replaced by Louis XV. They were given the power to evaluate royal decrees publicly in writing before they were registered and given the force of law. They opposed Louis XV's taxation of all citizens by challenging the royal authority and stating a king's power should be limited to protect liberty. They were disbanded and abolished in 1768 when Louis XV appointed Maupeou. When Louis XVI took the throne he reinstated them.


 * René de Maupeou: ** appointed by Louis XV in 1768, he was named chancellor and was ordered to crush the judicial opposition of the Parlement of Paris. Together, he and Louis XV began to reform France. They abolished parliament and created a new one of royal officials. Then they began to tax all French citizens. They would have succeeded, most likely, if Louis XV had not died.


 * Louis XVI ** : (Reigned: 1774-1792) "What I should like most is to be loved." He replaced Louis XVI and sought to please the enlightened public. He dismissed Maupeou and reinstated the old parliament. Louis XVI's minister of finance imposed a general tax on all landed property and formed provincial assemblies to administer the tax. He convinced Louis XVI to call the assembly of notables to support the idea, but they were not in favor and demanded that control over all government spending be given to the provincial assemblies in exchange for their support. The government refused and the notables said the taxes needed to be approved by the Estates General. He dismissed the notables and enacted the tax in an attempt to reassert his power. The public protested and in July 1788 he called for the Estates General to have a session.


 * Marie Antoinette ** Wife of Louis XVI. People (Mainly women) hatted her because they thought see was manipulating the King and the reason for the bad economy.


 * First Estate: ** The Clergy. There were about 100,000 members (out of a population of 25 million) and owned 10% of the land. Instead of taxes they paid a "voluntary gift" every 5 years. They also received tithe (about 10%) from landowners. However, the money collected at local parishes went to political appointees and worldly aristocrats at the head of the church.


 * Gallican Church **


 * Second Estate: ** The Nobility. There were about 400,000 nobles and owned about 25% of the land. They were taxed lightly and had manorial rights (privileges of lordship which allows taxation of peasants for personal profit). Honorific privileges allowed them to precedence on public occasions and wear a sword.


 * Third Estate: ** The Commoners. All the other citizens were commoners, including a prosperous merchants, lawyers etc, but most were peasants and agricultural workers.


 * bourgeoisie: ** The middle class in the third estate. They grew rapidly in the 18th century to about 8% of the population. Because of laws restraining the economy and closing ranks against middle-class needs and aspirations, they lead a revolution with the entire third estate. This created new capitalist order based on individualism and a market economy.


 * // corvée //**


 * // Lettre de cachet //**


 * // ancien regime //**


 * Jacques Necker **


 * Assembly of Notables:** Mainly important noblemen and high-ranking clergy. Louis XVI's minister of finance imposed a general tax on all landed property and formed provincial assemblies to administer the tax. He convinced Louis XVI to call the assembly of notables to support the idea, but they were not in favor and demanded that control over all government spending be given to the provincial assemblies in exchange for their support. The government refused and the notables said the taxes needed to be approved by the Estates General. He dismissed the notables and enacted the tax in an attempt to reassert his power. The public protested and in July 1788 he called for the Estates General to have a session.


 * Estates General:** It was a representative body of the three estates that had not met since 1614. During 1788 and 1789 each estate drafted petitions for change and elected delegates for the assembly. Voting was done (but the representatives of the third estate were the prosperous middle class). Most were in agreement to create a constitutional monarchy, guarantee individual liberties by law, improve the economic position of the clergy, and create economic reforms. The Estate General of 1614 sat as three separate houses and at least two branches had to agree to do an action (this virtually guaranteed rule by nobility and clergy). The Parliament of Paris ruled the Estates General should sit separately, but the middle-class demanded a single assembly. In May 1789 the 1,200 delegates of the three estates were in dead-lock. Then a few parish priests began to go to the third estates' side.


 * // cahiers de doléances //**


 * Abbé Sieyés, //What is the Third Estate?:// ** 1789. Written by Emmanuel Joseph Siyes, it argued that the tiny fraction of nobility was a minority and the thrid estate was the true strength of France.


 * “Age of Montesquieu”**


 * National Assembly:** June 17, 1789 a few parish priests began to go over to the third estate. It was then voted to call themselves the "National Assembly."


 * Tennis Court Oath:** June 20, 1789 the delegates of the third estate and a few priests moved to a large indoor tennis court and swore not to disband until they had written a new constitution to put France on a firm foundation.


 * storming of the Bastille-** The revolting peasants stormed and took over the armory and prison in Paris. The couple of old men guarding it were killed and their heads were marched around on a stick. This is the reason Louis XVI couldn't disband or kill the National Assembly, because it had an army of armed men behind it.

“**Great Fear”: spontaneous, violent insurrections, sieze forests, skip out on taxes, ... part of peasant revolts.**


 * // Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- //** Defines the individual and collective rights of all the estates as universal. It establishes fundamental rights for French citizens and all men without exception. The declaration was prepared and proposed by Lafayette.


 * Olympe de Gouges, //The Rights of Woman// **


 * Mary Wollstonecraft, **
 * //Vindication of the// // Rights of Women- //** She wrote this book implying that women should have an education. She states that women are human beings deserving the same rights as men. She had written this book quickly in order to respond directly to ongoing events, she had intended to write a more thoughtful second volume but she had died before completing it.


 * Madame de Stael **

=

 * Women’s march to Versailles- ** Women and armed peasants stormed Versailles to demand that Louis and Marie come and live in Paris. At First they wanted to kill them both, but were stopped. This was also called the bread march because they also demanded price of bread be lowered.=====


 * Jean-Paul Marat**


 * Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790**


 * “refactory clergy’**


 * 83 Departments**


 * // assignats: //** A new currency instated by the national assembly which stabilized the economy


 * Flight to Varennes **


 * Edmund Burke, //Reflections on the Revolution// // in Franc: //** Predicted a dictatorship. He defends the noble's inherited titles and said an unrepresentative parliament was good.


 * Thomas Paine, //Rights of Man// **


 * Legislative Assembly-** Replaced the National Assembly. They were elected people who ruled France for a wile. Declared war on the Austria and Prussia.


 * Jacobins-** This was one of the most famous clubs during the French Revolution. The club orginated as the "Club Benthorn" formed at Versailles. After the march on Versailles the club still composed of deputies. This name was given to the Dominicans of France.


 * Girondins- named after a departmen in Southwestern France. Was one of the groups that was trying to control the National Convention**


 * Declaration of Pillnitz-** Austria and Prussia warned France that if they continued to have reforms, that they would come in France and set up the Monarchy again.

- were the French nobles moving out of France to save their head.
 * Émigrés**


 * War of the First Coalition**


 * Brunswick Manifesto**


 * storming of the Tuleries**


 * Paris Commune**


 * Georges-Jacques Danton:** Was a leader of the mountain with Robespierre, but executed during the Thermidorian Reaction


 * September Massacres: by the peasants** In September of 1792 the peasants broke into the prisons and declared France a republic. This led to yet another new government: the National Convention.

“**Age of Rousseau”**


 * National Convention** Radical, educated republicans that designed a new calander, cancelled holidays, and called everyone citizen. Divided into the Mountain^^^ and the Girondists.


 * // Equality, Liberty, Fraternity //**is what French people wanted...


 * Mountain- was led by Robespierre and George jques Danton. Was called the Mountain because its members sat on the uppermost left-handed benches of the assembly hall. **


 * Sans-Culottes- ** The Sans-Culottes were revolting peasants that were well armed from the storming of the Bastille. The name means no pants. The reason they were called that is because they wore cheap and, what was called"unstylish" by the nobility. They lead many revolts to keep the revolution going.


 * Enragés**


 * Committee of Public Safety**: made by mountain to runt he country if a emergency was declared. Declared it a "world war" and emergency so Rospierre and Danton began running it. They cooperated with sans culottes to regulate prices


 * Maximilien Robespiere**-led the mountain political group. Planned the moral economy.


 * Louis Saint-Just**


 * Law of Maximum**


 * Lazare Carnot-**


 * // Lévee en masse //**

**Reign of Terror**- This was also known as the Grand Fear that happened beween September 25 to July 27. It was a period of violence that occured for one year and one month after the French Revolution. Between 16,000 to 40,000 people were killed. This happened because of a conflict between rivals, Girondins and Jacobins.


 * Law of Suspect **


 * Vendée **


 * Jacques Hébert, Hébertistes **


 * Cult of the Supreme Being **


 * “Temple of Reason” **


 * Thermidorian Reaction **On July 27th, 1794 (9 Thermidor) Robespierre turned the guillatine on the Angry Men as well as his good buddy Danton. The sans Culottes are shocked and the Robespierre is beheaded and the Reign of Terror is over.


 * The Directory- ** The last form of government before Napoleon. It was 5 elected members, who were elected by electors, who were elected by the people. It represented a small part of France (middle class) The people did not like it, so it fored its policys with the army. They were a weak dictator kind of government.


 * Conspiracy of Equals**


 * Coup d’Etat Brumaire-**


 * Consulate Era**


 * plebiscite**


 * Napoleon Bonaparte-** He was born in Corsica, France. He had led successful campaigns against the first and second coalitions against France. The French invasion of Russia marked a turning point for Napoleon. His army was badly damaged and never fully recovered.


 * Consulate Period**


 * First Consul** Napoleon begins his rule as first consul of the French Republic. He uses personal powers to mainttain order and make deals.


 * Napoleonic Code**


 * Careers Open to Talent** Meritocracy. If you are skilled and a hard worker, you move up on the job ladder.


 * Concordat of 1801** Legalize Catholicism as long as Napoleon can pick the bishops and keep income from the church.


 * Bank of France** Established by Napoleon. Good for economy.


 * War of the Second Coalition**


 * Treaty of Lunéville-** This was signed on February 9 1801 between the French Rebublic and Holy Roman Empire.This treaty marked the end of the second coalition. After the treaty Britain was the sole nation and still at war with France. "there shall be, henceforth and forever, peace, amity, and good understanding" among the parties. []


 * Empire Period** Napoleon rules as emperor of france from 1804-1814. He marries an Austrian Princess and deserves right as emperor.


 * Grand Empire**: Napoleon expects his allies Russia, Prussia, and Austria to follow and obey him, considering them part of his empire. He places his relatives as rulers of all of the countries in his empire.


 * War of the Third Coalition** Napoleon plans to attack Great Britain.


 * Battle of Trafalgar** in 1805 the French attack Trafalger in Great Britain and win.


 * Lord Horatio Nelson**


 * Arc de Triomphe-** It is now monument for all of the people who died for France, but was built for Napoleons war victories in 1812. Napoleon was baried there for awhile. There is a statue on the side of it of Napoleon.


 * Treaty of Tilsit** Height of Napoleons Rule.
 * Continental System**


 * Russian Campaign** Napoleon enters Russia with 600,000 men. Rather than sitting through the winter, Napoleon decides to send his troops to keep going toward Moscow. The Russian peasants scorch the Earth so Napoleons troops can't eat. Napoleon finally makes it to the also scorched Moscow and the Russians aren't there. They wait out in Moscow for a few weeks then head back to France. Only about 30,000 men make it back.


 * 4th Coalition- Quadruple alliance that agreed each country would commit 150,000 people to throw Napolean out of government**

“**First” Treaty of Paris, 1814**


 * Congress of Vienna- Major powers, redraw lines and restore order. Austria, England, Prussia, Russia make sure balance of power was even. They made sure no more world wars take place in Europe. THey were called the " Dancing COngress" because they did not have a lot to do but they wanted to impress people, so they threw a ball almost everyday. They did not punish france, however France did have to pay Napolean 2 million francs.**


 * Balance of Power**


 * Hundred Days-** Napoleon had around 100 days of power after he escaped back to France. Louis the 18th ran away and Napoleon was crowned emperor again before defeated at Waterloo in his last battle.


 * Battle of Waterloo -** After Napoleon returned to France, he decided to attack the Netherlands and was crushed by the duke of Wellington at Waterloo, ending Napoleons "Hundred Days". afterward Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena in the middle of the Atlantic


 * Duke of Wellington**


 * Alexander I**
 * Homework: success or failure?**
 * Monarchy:**
 * + Was overthrown by the people. During the French revolution Louis XVI lost his power.**
 * + Louis recalls Parliament which also gave his power to the nobles.**
 * +Louis XVI's plan to tax landed property was opposed by assembly of Notables and the Parliament of Paris.**
 * +Constitutional Monarchy put all the power in the hands of National Assembly. The king had his title but lost all of his rights to do anything.**
 * +King fails to assert power to tax.**
 * +King fails in keeping divine right**
 * +King fails to escape his imprisonment by the people.**
 * +Not only was thrown in jail but was beheaded, and with that lost all power and rights that he didn't have as it was****.**
 * With all of these examples above how the monarchy failed epically in receiving and achieving their goals, it is clear that the Monarchy was the biggest loser in the French Revolution. Not only did Louis basically hand his power over to the nobility when he recalled Parliament, but he was overthrown by his own people, imprisoned and beheaded. He gained absolutely nothing and the monarchy lost all power.**


 * Peasantry:**
 * + The peasants drove the Revolution to gain the right to hunt, vote, fair pricing, and taxing.**
 * + Created the new government with the "Rights of Man", National Assembly.**
 * + Took over the Bastille to gain weapons for the army.**
 * + Successful bread march after famine.**
 * -- Was outvoted during the Estates General.**
 * + During the Great Fear voided Manorial Rights and seized forests.**
 * + Peasants revolt forced the National Assembly to abolish feudal obligations.**
 * + Gained lands that were taken from the church.**
 * -- New calendar and religion.**
 * + Got to prance around with heads on pikes.**


 * The peasantry gained a lot during the French Revolution. Everything they had wanted they received. They had Manorial Rights revoked. Another accomplishment as they invaded the Bastille and gained weapons. There were a few losses that the peasants endured. The National Assembly set up a new calendar and nationalized the religion.**


 * Women:**
 * Women as a result of the French revolution made some advancements in equality and rights however did not make many. For example women gained the right to divorce their husband. another right that they gained was the right to receive compensation from a guy if she were to become pregnant and the guy did not want to be with her. A significant moment for women during the French revolution was the bread march. women rose up for their rights and stormed the royal palace and took Louis and Marie Antoinette as hostage. Although the women took many steps towards equal rights during the French Revolution equality of gender was not brought up in the new constitution.**

**Aristocracy/Nobility:**
 * Overall, the nobles lost more than they gained from the French Revolution. They did remove the king from rule, thus giving them more power, but they could not rejoice in that power because of the strength, numbers, and passion of the third estate. They wanted independent control of their land and to maintain the old order but the peasants could no longer endure the inequality in France. They ended up losing all manorial rights and their family name could no longer exempt them from taxes and hand them political power. By the end of the French Revolution, the Aristocracy no longer existed. They now had to pay taxes and work just like the rest of France. **


 * Bourgeoisie: **
 * During the French Revolution, the Bourgeoisie made many strides to gain the rights they had wanted. They rose up and lead the third estate. This social revolution eventually destroyed feudal privileges and established a capitalist order. This allowed their political power to equal their economic power. They were able to buy land from the state run church. The Directory, when it was in order, directly represented what the Bourgeoisie wanted because all 5 members were of this class; however, due to its limited representation, the Directory did not last for long. The Bourgeoisie were able to attain all the aspects they wanted from the Revolution. **
 * Clergy: **
 * After the Revolution, the Clergy had stayed reletivly even in gains and losses. When the Estates General met, the main things the clergy wanted was to redo the churches hierarchy and higher pay. After the Estates General came to a close the 1st estate did get higher pay for priests. After the Bread March the National Assembly granted religious freedom to Jews and Protestants, and nationalized the churches property. The Assembly sold the churches land as calteral for the new paper currency. Then the Assembly nationalized the enitre church so that the people voted for preists, and made the clergy take an oath to the government, which only half the clergy took. The churches wasn's united again until Napoleon signed the Concordant of 1801. **