Enlightenment+Scientific+Revolution

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[|European Enlightenment Glossary] explains different enlightened ideas and who thought them. scroll down and click on "current entries" to look at others.

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1) With the framework of medieval intellecutal life and universities, science was able to emerage as a minor, distinct branch of philosophy. 2) The Renaissance stimulated scientific progress (recovery of Greek mathematics improved Europe's, Wealthier citizens began supporting scientific investigations) 3) Navigational problems of long sea voyages were being fixed (1484 the king of Portugal appointed a commmission of mathematicians to perfect tables to help seamen find their latitude, English Sir Thomas Gresham left a large sum of money to establish a college if 3 of the 7 professors focused on perfecting the longitude system) 4) Better instruments lead to more accurate observations (telescope, barometer, thermometer, pendulum clock, microscope, air pump)
 * Scientific Revolution**:(4) Causes

as a result of heliocentrism, he found that: the universe is larger than we think, stars are at rest, and that the Earth is just another planet.
 * Copernicus, heliocentric view** Copernicus published //On Revolution of The Heavenly Spheres// to express his belief in heliocentrism, in which everything revolves around the sun. It was a very risky thing to publish, and Copernicus was aware that it went against thousands of years of belief, as well as the bible.


 * Tycho Brahe:** (1546-1601) an astromoner born into a Danish noble family. When he was young he saw a partial eclispe of a sun which was expected to happen. He was impressed humans could predict such things and established himself as Europe's leading astronomer. He observed a new star in 1572 and built the most sophisticated observatory of his day. He amassed much data over the years, but since he did not know much math, he could not interpret it. He had a pet moose that drank too much, and fell down the stairs and died. He also had a metal plate on his nose as a result of a dashing effort in a duel about intelligence.


 * Johannes Kepler:** (1571-1630) Brahe's assistant. He came from a German noble family and was left to study Brahe's work, even after his death. He created the 3 laws of planetary motion. He proved mathmatically what Copernicus theorized.

1) The orbits of planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular (1609) 2) The planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits 3) The time a planet takes to complete its orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun (1619)
 * 3 Laws of planetary motion:** Formulated by Kepler.
 * Galileo Galilei:** (1564-1642) From Florentine, he challeded the ideas of motion. He was a poor nobleman but was fascinated by mathematics. In 1589 at 25 years old he became a professor of math. He believed the Copernican theory. He examined motino and mechanics in a new way and his greatest achievement is the "experimental method" (Conducting controlled experiments to find out what happens instead of speculating). he proved uniform forces (ex:gravity) produces uniform acceleration. Galileo built his own telescope to practice astronomy. he discovered the first 4 moons of Jupiter. He was emplyoed by the Medici grand dukes of Tuscany. In 1632, after Galileo published //Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World// (which criticizecd Aristotle and Ptolemy's view and defended Copernicus) Pope Urban VIII tried him for heresy. He was tried by the papal Inquisition and imprisoned until he renounced his beliefs.


 * laws of inertia:** Formulated by Galileo, this states that an object's natural state is not at rest, rather it is in motion unless stopped by an external force.


 * telescope:** Was invented in Holland.


 * Francis Bacon:** (1561-1626) An English politician and writer, Bacon was an early propagandist for the new experimental method. He formalized the emperical method.


 * empiricism:** By Francis Bacon, the formalized empirical method (used by Brahe and Galileo). According to Bacon, this would result in more, practical knowledge.


 * inductive method**


 * Rene Descartes:** French philosopher who initially was a soldier (23 years old) in the 30 Years War. In 1619 he had a vision which showed a perfect correspondence between geometry and algebra and geometrical, spatial figues could be expressed as algebraic equations. He created an entire philosophy of knowledge. He believed one should doubt everything so you can use deductive reasoning to ascertain scientific law.


 * deductive reasoning**


 * //cogito ergo sum// (“I think; therefore, I am”)** (Descartes) During the scientific revolution and enlightenment, people began to ask questions about their own existence. "How do I know I am not dreaming?" "How do I know I even exist, not just in someone else's dream?" Cogito Ergo Sum basically means that by the fact that one is doubting there existence makes it real.


 * Cartesian dualism:** The world is "mind" or "matter." Created by Rene Descartes, it means all substances are physical or spiritual.


 * scientific method- The modern scientific method is based on a synthesis of Bacon's inductive eperimentalism and Descartes's deductive mathematical rationalism.**


 * Isaac Newton-** He combied the thoughts of the other philosophers into one main thought. He put all of his thoughts into his book, the principa. He also envented the universal laws of gravity.


 * principle of universal gravitation**


 * //Principia,// 1687-**Newton's //Principia// is without question the most important book on natural philosophy published in the early modern period. Indeed today it is still regarded as one of the greatest scientific achievements of all time. It presents a new dynamic mathematical physics which is able to account for the motions of celestial and terrestrial bodies.


 * Vesalius** (1514-1564)


 * William Harvey**

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 * Anton van Leeuwenhoek**


 * Royal Society**

Renasance Navigation porposes Medieval universities Better ways of gathering information
 * Enlightenment-** Only the rich and educated went through this enlightenment. New thoughts and ideas spread because of...


 * Deism- Deism is the belief that while God did create the universe, afterwards He stepped back and let the world run its course.**


 * John Locke,** //**Two Treatises of Civil Government**- He wrote the Essay concerning human understanding.//
 * tabula rasa ﻿﻿T ** abula Rasa is the idea that we are all born with a "blank slate".


 * // philosophes //**// God set you here and your future in not predetermend and that you deside things for your self. //

====** Voltaire- ** He challenged traditional Catholic theology and exhibited a characteristic philosophe belief in a distant god who let human affairs take their own course. He opposed legal injustice and unequal treatment before the law. A reformer not revolutionary ====

//**“Ecracsez l’infame”** -//

**Baron de Montesquieu,** //**Spirit of Laws**://Montesquieu's book //On the Spirit of Laws,// published in 1748, was his most famous work. It outlined his ideas on how government would best work. //Montesquieu believed that all things were made up of rules or laws that never changed. He set out to study these laws scientifically with the hope that knowledge of the laws of government would reduce the problems of society and improve human life. According to Montesquieu, there were three types of government: a monarchy (ruled by a king or queen), a republic (ruled by an elected leader), and a despotism (ruled by a dictator). Montesquieu believed that a government that was elected by the people was the best form of government. He did, however, believe that the success of a democracy - a government in which the people have the power - depended upon maintaining the right balance of power.//


 * checks and balances**


 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)-** Was a parinoyed peroson and lived as an outcast with his wife. He was very rational and believed women should be pasive. He enfluenced romantics and child education. Created the book, Social Contract (1762). We wanted people to elect their leaders(popular sovereignty).


 * //Social Contract,// 1762-** Argued that the general will of the people is sacred and absolute.


 * General will**


 * “noble savage**” -


 * Denis Diderot, //The Encyclopedia-//** It was baned by many countrys in 1751, only months after it was published. People still read the ideas and in 1765 all 7 volumes were published.
 * Marquis de Beccaria**


 * Wrote //On Crimes and Punishment// (1764)**


 * Francois Quesnay** -

// **physiocrats**- //


 * Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1727-1790)**


 * salon movement: led by women hostesses, where the middle to upper classes would get together and ponder ideas and theories and talk about for hours on end.**


 * Mary Wollstonecraft** (1759-1797):


 * Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach**


 * David Hume-** said that senses were the only way of knowing anything.


 * Jean de Condorcet (1743- 1794)-**


 * Immanuel Kant (** That's me!) (1724-1804) He was born in East Prussia and strongly believed in freedom of the press. He thought that once serious thinkers were granted the freedom to reason publicly in print, enlightenment would follow. In 1781 he published the Critique of Pure Reason.


 * classical liberalism**


 * German pietism**

More fundamental for all Methodists than these standards are the inspired Scriptures, which are declared by them to be the sole and sufficient
 * Methodism**:John Wesley and Methodism considered religion primarily as practical, not dogmatic, probably accounts for the absence of any formal Methodist creed. The "General Rules", issued by John and Charles Wesley on 1 May, 1743, stated the conditions of admission into the societies organized by them and known as the "United Societies". They bear an almost exclusively practical character, and require no doctrinal test of the candidates. Methodism, however, developed its own theological system as expressed in two principal standards of orthodoxy.


 * John Wesley (1703- 1791**)


 * Jansenis**:


 * Enlightened Despotism**: power is controlled mostly in one class, the upper class.


 * Frederick the Great-** He allowed religious freedom and promoted education, legal reform, and economic growth but allowed the junker nobility to keep the middle class from power in government. He also allowed te repression of Prussian Jews- who were confined to overcrowded ghettos.


 * War of Austrian Succession**


 * Silesia**


 * Seven Years’ War- Maria Theresa wanted her land back from the countries that took it from her when she first became a leader of her country.**


 * “Diplomatic Revolution of 1756”**


 * Treaty of Paris-**


 * “first servant of the state”- Frederick the Great (aka Frederick II) was called the Solider King. He simplified law codes, and embraced religious tolerance. He also promoted education and reduced censorship. He saw himself as the first Servant of the State. He also led his army in the 1740 War of Austrian Succession and SevenYears War.**


 * Catherine the Great-** Imported Western culture to Russia, supported the philosophes, and began a program of domestic reform. She was also engaged in a policy of territorial expansion and with Prussia and Austria, carved up Poland.


 * Pugachev Rebellion**: claimed he was the true tsar, and he abolished serfdom, military duty, slaughtered landlords. after 1775 nobles get total control of their serfs.


 * Polish partitions**


 * liberum veto**


 * Maria Theresa-** Introduced reforms that limited church power. She revised the tax system and the bureaucracy, and reduced the power of the lords over the serfs.


 * Pragmatic Sanction of 1713:** a legal mechanism designed to ensure that the Austrian throne and Habsburg lands would be inherited by Emperor Karl VI's daughter, Maria Theresa. The Pragmatic Sanction is part of the law of the house of Austria.


 * Joseph II (1780-90)-** Was Maria Theresa's successor. He was a dedicated reformer who abolished serfdom, taxed all equally, and granted religious freedom.