Age+of+Nationalism


 * Attention: your reading will be due Thursday (3/10) and not tomorrow(3/9). We will go over the packet and do something else tomorrow. Just an FYI **

**Red Shirts:** Garibaldi's guerrilla band of thousand men captured the imagination of the Sicilian peasantry, outwitting the 20,000 man royal army. Took Naples and prepared to attack the pope and Rome but Cavour stopped him because it would have caused war with France and they would lose allies.


 * Zollverein:** German customs union, in 1834 to stimulate trade and increase the revenues of members states. It did not include Austria which became crucial in the Austo-Prussian War. It was established in 1818. Austria was excluded because of its highly protected industry.

**Homestead Act:**of 1862 gave western land to settlers, and the 13th Amendment of 1865, which ended slavery, reinforced the concept of free labor taking its chances in a market economy.
 * modernization:** Changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time. If countries did not industrialize the more they would fall behind and then thus those countries would be easy targets for imperialistic countries to take over.

**zemstvo:** Reform 1864, Russia's Tsar Alexander II reformed the government into a new institution of local governments. Assembly elected by three-class system of towns, peasants villages, and noble landowners. Executive council dealt with local problems and hoped to lead to a national parliament. **Bloody Sunday:** In St. Petersburg, a crowd of protesting workers led by priest Father Gapon, formed a petition of all the horrible ways they were treated by the middle class and the nobles, and were prepared to show it to the Tsar whom they believed was willing to help them. Little to their knowledge was that he did not want to help. Tsar flees and his troops open fire on the crowds, killing and wounding many. This led to strikes, uprisings, and revolts, and the Tsar had lost all support of the working class. **October Manifesto:** granted full civil liberties and promised a popularly elected parliament. This was issued on October 17th 1905 by Tsar Nicholas of Russia as a response to the Russian Revolution. **Duma:** popularly elected parliament in Russia. The Czar had an absolute veto, so it didn't work out and it was dismissed. Russia remained an absolutist monarchy. **Reichstag-** popularly elected lower house. the fact that it was popularly elected by the common man created a larger sense of nationalism because of male sufferage. also the fact that people were becoming more involved in polotics allows for people to become more excited about the nation thus creating more nationalism. **Kulturkampf:** Bismarck and the liberals attack on the Catholic Church in an effort to maintain the superiority of state over church, but abandoned the attack in 1878. This was enacted by the Prime Minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismark. Priests and Bishops who resisted the kulturkampf were arrested and removed from their positions. Dreyfus Affair- Alfred Dreyfus, a french artillery officer was accused of treason in 1894 for allegedly having communicated French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris. France was split, on one side was the military which had manufactured evidence and very anti-Semetic, and the other side was the civil libertarians and radical republicans. Dreyfus was eventually found innoicent, and France severed ties with the Catholic church. **People�s Budget-**it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services. It was vetoed by the House of Lords in 1906.

**Zionism:** Theodore Herzl advocated "Zionism" the creation of a Jewish state, as a result of the anti-Semites creating political parties to attack and degrade Jews.

**revisionism-**was as effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time. Writers such as Deuard Bernstein and Jean Jaures tried to edit Marx's views on transitioning to socialism They believed revolutions with force were not need but instead gradual peaceful reforms could produce the same results.

**revolution of 1905**- After another humiliating defeat against Japan, the people got furious, they wanted to match economic modernization with political modernization. Workers began to strike. Tsar Nicolas II agreed to set up the Duma in response to the citizens' unrest. However he gave it very limited power. People began to strike, not pay taxes, and withdraw their money from banks. The October Manifesto was written now. The coup of 1907 finally ended the revolution, resulting in restoration of an autocracy.

**Crimean War-** 1853 to 1856. Dispute between France and Russia. Both of them wanted to protect the catholic areas in the Ottoman Empire, Russia lost really badly. They had poor transportation and weaponry was far behind. Spured on industrialization and revolts of 1905.

**Florence Nightingale-** A [|Christian universalist], Nightingale believed that God had called her to be a nurse. She came to prominence for her pioneering work in [|nursing] during the [|Crimean War], where she tended to wounded soldiers. She was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of making rounds at night. Nightingale laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment, in 1860, of her nursing school at [|**St Thomas' Hospital**] in [|**London**], the first secular nursing school in the world. The [|**Nightingale Pledge**] taken by new nurses was named in her honor, and the annual [|**International Nurses Day**] is celebrated around the world on her birthday.

**Second French Republic** The French Republic elected Louis Napoleon for a four year term. National Assembly did not allow Napoleon to run for a second term so he conspired with military and dismissed the Assembly. He gained the love of the people by passing universal male suffrage and eventually they made him the ruler of France.

**Second French Empire** After Napoleon had won the hearts of the people, it was easy for him to go from having a four year term to becoming the Emperor of France. The French Empire was marked by economic success and improving life for the working class. Also, males were given the right to strike and form unions!


 * Napoleon III:** Greatest success was improving the economy of France. His government encouraged new investment banks and massive railroad construction. The government sponsored public works programs, including the rebuilding of Paris ( unemployment rate goes down). He granted workers the right to form unions and to strike. He changes the constitution and allowed the Assembly greater power and the opposition more freedom, Appointed lead ministers to be well respected and well-known because the people would agree with his ideas. It became an electoral system and became more like a democracy. He gave universal male suffrage which the middle class did not like because they lost most of their power.

====**King Victor Emmanuel** The monarch of Sardinia. He allowed a fair amount of civil liberty. However, his statesman Cavour did most of the work. He was given the name Father of the Fatherland. He was the Duke of Savory before becoming king. Following Cavour's orders he lead Sardinia in the Crimean War, joining Britain and France. He became the symbol of the unification of Italy. He worked with France to defeat Austria and unify Italy but only Rome, Veneto, and Trentino were conquered.====


 * Count Cavour**. (1850-1861) He had very realistic national goals and wanted only to unite Northern Italy. In order to drive out Austria, he formed a secret alliance with Napoleon III. They defeat Austria, but then Nap III screws over Cavour and Sardinia only gets Lombardy. But then central Italy joins Sardinia!


 * Giuseppe Garibaldi- a** superpatriot who let a group of a volunteers against Austria in 1859 Had a plan to liberate the kingdom of "Two Sicilies." invaded Sicily in 1860 with a thousand guerrilla "Red Shirts" and overthrew the local army of 20,000. Afterward he marched on Naples and was planning on marching on Rome until he was stopped by Count Camillo Benso di Cavour.


 * Otto von Bismarck:** Was a junker politician whose goal was to secure power for himself and Prussia. He had an unbounded want for power and was flexible. He became the chief minister of Prussia in 1862. He was opposed to middle class opposition. He skillfully neutralized Russia and France and by doing so was easily able to take over Austria in 7 weeks. He then gave a very generous peace treaty in order to keep them on good terms for future use. He was always one step ahead and kept " two irons in the fire" or always had a second plan.

�**blood and iron�:** Bismarck's famous speech called "blood and iron", he was opposed to middle class parliamentary opposition and that blood and iron would be the way to solve Germany's questions. This was primarily done to say that only war will unify Germany and Prussia.


 * Prussian-Danish War, 1863-** Prussia and austral won the war against Denmark for land that they believed was theirs. Denmark possessed two duchies. One of them, the Duchy of Holstein was part of the German federation. Danish and German people lived on this land. Denmark fought to control its duchies; however, both Prussia and Germany were against this move. Austria, Germany, and Prussia fought against Denmark starting February 1, 1864. On October 30th the Treaty of Vienna was signed, giving the two duchies to Austria and Prussia. About 200,000 Danes went under German rule because although Austria was given Holstein, Bismarck still had influence.


 * Austro-Prussian War, 1866-** Prussia waged war against Austria for possession of the German confederation in the north. Prussia new this had to happen to get Austrian influence out of the north. They were very successful, and won in 7 weeks. It looked very bad on Austria's part. Prussia gave them very reasonable peace terms. Austria agreed to withdraw from German affairs, and no land was taken from them and they only had to pay a generous amount of money. With doing so, Prussia hoped that Austria would be workable in the future and not attack Prussia.


 * Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71-** To try to unite southern Germany after northern Germany, they had France attack them to "teach the Germans a lesson". It played right into Bismarck's plan, and they humiliatingly crushed France. France asked Austria to help, but as Bismarck planned, they stayed where they were and didn't attack. After the war, Prussia gave France some very harsh peace terms that were unpayable. This start mad the French very mad and hateful to the Germans leading up to WWI.