The+West+and+The+World

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** “Old Imperialism” **

** “New Imperialism” -it was characterized by a frantic rush to plant the flag over as many people and as much territory as possible. This also had major consequences. IT resulted in new tensions among competing European states, and it led to wars and rumors of war with non-European powers. It was aimed primarily at Africa and Asia. It put millions of black, brown, and ellow peoples directly under the rule of whites.**

** Dr. David Livingston- ** He was a Scottish pioneer medical missonary and an explorer in Africa. His fame for being explorer led to the discovery of the River Nile.

** H.M. Stanley -Leopold sent Stanley, a sensation seeking journalist and part-time explorer, to the Congo basin. He was able to establish trading stations, sign "treaties" with African chiefs, and plant Leopold's flag. **

** Social Darwinism, “survival of the fittest” **

** “White Man’s Burden” -It was an important factor in the decision to rule, rather than liberate, the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. Like their European counterparts, these Americans sincerely believed that their civilization had reached unprecedented heights and that they had unique benefits to bestow on all "less advanced" peoples. **

** “Scramble for Africa” -In the year 1880, only 10% of Africa was ruled by European power. Between 1880 and 1900, the situation began to change drastically. Britain, France, Germany, and Italy scrambled for African possessions as if their national livelihoods depended on it. By 1900 nearly the whole continent had been carved up and placed under European rule: only Ethiopia in northeast Africa, which repulsed Italian invaders, and Liberia on the West African coast remained independent. **

** Belgian Congo- personally ruled by Leopold II **

** Leopold II : f Belgium sent explorers into the Congo and planted the Belgian flag, he wanted to explore and learn more about other lands and other goods. This began the age of exploring again and france and russia rushed to follow. **

** Egypt ****, Protectorate **

** Berlin **** Conference, 1884-85 - Called by Jules Ferry of France and Otto von Bismark of Germany. Conference established the ground rules for claiming land in Africa. It said that no one nation would be able to claim the entire continent. It also recognized Leopold's personal rule of the Congo and agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade. **

** Sudan ** ** Battle **** of Omdurman **

** General Horatio H. Kichtener **

** Fashoda Incident **

** Cecil Rhodes- ** He was an English born business man. He was founder of the De Beers diamond company. Today the company markets 40% of the worlds roughest diamonds. Rhodes was a believer in colonalism and imperialism. He was also founder of the state Rhodesia.

** Cape **** Colony **

** Boer War : The scramble for Africa, the british and dutch afrikaner whites fought a war over land and gold. It was won by the British who established the new Union of South Africa. This started the race for colonial possessions. **

** Kruger Telegram **

** Algeria - **

** Ethiopia ** -was the only country in Africa that resisted European control. It repulsed Italian invaders and Liberia on the West African coast to remain independent.

** Opium Wars- Fighting between China and Britain because Britain ** **was smuggling in opium and China wanted to stop it.**

** Treaty of Nanking- Brought an end to the opium wars. China was forced to pay Britain $100 million, open up four cities to forgien trade, and give Britain Hong Kong forever. **

** “spheres of influence” - ** An area or region in which a state has significant cultural, economic, military, or political influence.

** Sino-Japanease War (1894-95) **

** British East Company **

** Robert Clive- ** He was also known as the Clive of India. He was a British officer who established the military supremecy of the East India Company.

** Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-58 **

** Indochina **

** Boxer Rebellion : ** By late 1899, bands of Boxers were massacring Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians. By May 1900, the Boxer Rebellion had come out of the countryside and was being waged in the capital of Peking (now Beijing). To help their fellow countrymen and to protect their interests in China, an international force of 2,100 American, British, Russian, French, Italian, and Japanese soldiers were sent to subdue the "rebellion." On June 18, 1900, the Empress Dowager ordered all foreigners to be killed. Several foreign ministers and their families were killed before the international force could protect them. On August 14, 1900, the international force took Peking and subdued the rebellion. The Boxer Rebellion weakened the Ch'ing dynasty's power and hastened the Republican Revolution of 1911 that overthrew the boy emperor and made China a republic.

** Russo-Jappanease War **

** Karl Marx, Das Kapital **

** J.A. Hobson - wrote //Imperialism// which talked about how the rush to acquire colonies was because of the economic need of unregulated capitalism. **