Age+of+Anxiety

1. Logical Empiricism Introduced by Wittgenstein, Logical Empiricism rejected traditional philosophy and that ideas such as God and freedom are meaningless. They cannot be proven by logic or experimentation so debating them was a waste of time. The answers individuals gave to these questions are only personal preferences not proven fact. It was expressed in the essay //Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.//

2. Existentialism Existentialism was the search for moral values in a world of terror and uncertainty. Supported mostly by atheists, it said that human beings simply are. All people must make their own fate. Life is only given meaning through the actions and choices people make (besides the action of suicide). Many of the initial ideas were inspired by Nietzsche and did not regard a god. It "came of age" in France after WWII because the conditions of war which reinforced the ideas of existentialism.

3. Neutron-It was discovered by Rutherford. The neutron's capacity to pass through other atoms allowed for even more intense experimental bombardment of matter, leading to chain reactions of unbelievable force. This led to the atomic bomb.

4. Id, ego, and superego: Theorized by Freud. Id- Primitive, irrational unconscious,which was driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires and is locked in a constant battle with the other parts of the mind. Ego- It meditates what a person can do. Superego- Ingrained moral values which specify what a person should do. 5. Fuctionalism  Functionalism was applied in architecture so that buildings were efficient and served their purpose. They got rid of almost all ornamentation and used practical construction and clean lines. This led to modern architecture and skyscrapers.

6. Stream-of-consciousness technique is the steady flow of thought that naturally flows through a persons head. The writer would write a characters thoughts throughout the book and sometimes random flashbacks would pop or just weird thoughts. This form of writing was very hard for readers to understand; however, the the confusing style fit the confusing time period. (Ex. //The Sound and the Fury// by William Faulkner)

7. Dadaism- This was a cultural movement in visual art as well as literature, theatre, and graphic design. This movement was a protest against the barbarism of the War and what Dadists believed.It started in the 1920s and attacked not only art at the time, but also behavior.

8. Bauhaus- A german school of architecture that brought together fine and applied arts ran first by Walter Gropious and and then by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

9. Dawes Plan the product of the reparations commission headed by Charles G. Dawes that was accepted by Germany, France, and Britain, and reduced Germany’s yearly reparations, made payment dependant on German economic prosperity, and granted Germany large loans from the United States to promote recovery.

10. Mein Kampf- (My Struggle) Hitler's theories and programs for the Nazi party that he wrote while in prison. It detailed how he intended to control the government.

11. Great Depression- A worldwide economic depression preceding World War II. In most countries it started in 1929 and lasted till late 1930's or early 1940's. The depression originated in the U.S when stock prices started to fall and then the stock market crash happened on October 29 1929. The Great Depression effected almost every country, rich and poor.

12. New Deal = Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s plan to reform capitalism through forceful government intervention in the economy

13. WPA = Works Progress Administration, set up in 1935. The most famous of Roosevelt’s New Deal programs, it employed one-fifth of the entire labor force at some point in the 1930s, constructing public buildings, bridges, and highways.

14. Social Democrats was a flexible and nonrevolutionary socialist government in Scandinavia that grew out of a strong tradition of cooperative community action. In the 1920s, it passed important social reform legislation for both peasants and workers, gained practical administrative experience, and developed a unique kind of socialism.

15. Popular Front was A New Deal-inspired party in France led by Leon Blum that encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform, complete with paid vacations and a forty-hour workweek

16. Friedrich Nietzsche: (1844-1900) A German philosopher who greatly influenced the shift in philosophy. He rejected Christianity saying that it embodied a "slave morality" and a wise fool proclaims "God is dead." He felt God was killed because Christians no longer believed in him truly and this left people disorientated and depressed. He also thought that the West was overemphasizing rationality, which stifled a humans true creativity.

17. Henri Bergson: A French philosopher, Bergson believed that experience and intuition was as important as rational and scientific thinking because it is easier for humans to understand.

18. Ludwig Wittgenstein: Austrian philosoper that wrote //Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus//. He started logical empiricism with his beliefs that some philosophical issues (religion, freedom) were useless to debate about since they could not be proven either way with scientific reasoning or experimentation. "Of what one cannot speak, of that one must keep silent"

19. “New Physics”-Science was one of the main pillars that influenced western society's optimistic and rationalistic view of the world. the Darwinian concept of evolution had been accepted and assimilated in most intellectual circles. Progressive minds believed that science, unlike religion and philosophical specualtion, was based on hard facts and controlled experiments. Unchanging laws seemed to determine physical processes and permit useful solutions to more and more problems.

20. Max Planck-he showed that the subatomic energy is emitted in uneven little spurts, which planck called quanta, and not in a steady stream.

21. Albert Einstein, theory of relativity (Time and space are not constant and are determined by your relative location). Matter and energy are interchangeable.

22. Albert Rutherford- He showed that an atom could be split. He discovered the nuetron, which eventually led to the atomic bomb.

23. Marie Currie- discovered radium constantly emits subatomic particles and thus does not have a constant atomic wieght.

24. Walter Gropius: A German designer. He designed the Fagus shoe factory in Alfeld that was clean, light, elegant - traits that were not found in factories at the time.

25. Picasso- He was a spanish painter and sculptor who lived most of his adult life in France. He was best known for co-founding the Cubist movemet.

26. Surrealism A dream-like fantasy style of painting that had complex symbols. These paintings were very chaotic and made little sense; however, it was the style of art that most resembled the age of anxiety.

27. Salvador Dali: A prominent Spanish surrealist painter. His most famous painting is "The Persistence of Memory."

28. Weimar Republic

29. Locarno Pact

30. Kellogg-Braind Pact: Signed in 1928 by 15 countries, this "condemned and renounced war as an instrument of national policy." This meant that the countries that signed agreed to try to settle their disputes peacefully instead of with war. However, this pact is ridiculed as too idealistic because there was nothing addressing actions should war break out.

31. Keynesian economics John Maynard Keynes denounced the Treaty of Versailles in //Economic Consequences of the Peace.// He felt that the war reparations and harsh economic measures would result in a weakened Germany that would only weaken other countries. The treaty had to be revised to save Germany and Europe from and economical crisis.