Absolutism

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Absolutism Thesis Examples

Versailles Palace

. [|A great summary of state building/absolutism]

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 * Absolutism:** Sovereignty is in the ruler. The ruler has divine right and God sent them to rule.


 * Jean-Baptiste Colbert -** Applied mercantilism to France. He did seven things that helped lead to self-sufficiency.
 * 1) Subsidized the cloth industry.
 * 2) Gave royal privileges to the rug and tapestry industry.
 * 3) New mirror factories started.
 * 4) Firearms and steel foundries.
 * 5) Recruited workers to France.
 * 6) Merchant marine.
 * 7) Use of Canada.


 * Jean Bodin:** His most significant work, //The Six Books of the Commonwealth// (//Les Six livres de la République//, 1576), represents the sum total of legal and political thought of the French Renaissance. His //Method for the Easy Comprehension of History// (//Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem//, 1566) is at the pinnacle of early-modern, European humanism's //Ars historica//. Finally, his work — if he was genuinely really the author — //Colloquium of the Seven about Secrets of the Sublime// (//Colloquium Heptaplomeres de rerum sublimium arcanis abditis//, 1683), which was published posthumously, provides clues about his own religious views. Bodin's spiritual beliefs did not coincide with any official religion of his day, but instead resembled a form of natural religion.(stanford encyclopedia of philosophy)


 * balance of power: similar to a system of checks and balances. All countries wanted to have equal power, not one country could control more than another.**


 * Thomas Hobbes, //Leviathan//** In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes expresses his views on what a government should be like. He supported absolutism; however, he did not believe in Divine Right at all. He believed a king should be sovereign to his people, but does not only answer to God. He should be a good king and be good to his people.


 * War of the Leaque of Augsburg** The League of Augsberg began in 1689 as the European powers joined together to keep a balance of power through checks and balances so that no one country would become too powerful, as France was. The Habsburgs, Spanish, Dutch, and English were led by William of Orange to knock France down. Neither the French nor the coalition won any decisive battles, but Louis' tax system could not support the war and France was going deep into dept.


 * Bishop Bossuet**


 * War of Spanish Succession- When King Charels II of Spain was dying, without having a son, he named Philip of Anjou, as his heir. But Philip is the grandson of King Louis XIV if France. Other countries thougt that Louis would use Philip as a puppet for a huge empire, which he did. Louis famous quote when this happened was "the Pyrenees no longer exist" making a joke of the natrual boundry between France and Spain. This huge gain in power upset the balance of power in Europe, and caused the creation of the "Grand Alliance" between England, The Dutch and Austria. The war that ensued was even carried into North America with the French and Indian War. The war was ended with the Treaty of Utecht**

“**divine right” of kings -** The belief some kings had that God had put them on the throne.

The British and their allies achieved the major aims expressed at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession. The French were driven from the Spanish Netherlands, which went to the Emperor. They lost their foothold in Italy, and accepted - as did the Spanish - that the crowns of the two countries would never be united. The treaty expanded the British empire in the following ways: In North America, France
 * Treaty of Utrecht:**
 * Britain acquired Gibraltar and Minorca,
 * valuable trading concessions in Spanish America, and
 * the island of St. Kitt's in the West Indies.
 * recognised the British claim to the Hudson Bay territory, and
 * ceded mainland Acadia (modern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) to Britain, but not Cape Breton.


 * First Estate**


 * Philip II :**


 * Second Estate**


 * Escorial**


 * Third Estate**


 * “price revolution”**


 * Henry IV: F**irst bourbon Monarch. His minister was the duke of sully (protestant). He was the victor of the wars of the Henrys. He started absolutism. He got France out of their bad farming seasons and gave the peasants food. The people loved him. He stabilized the economy.

The Armada sailed on July 19th 1588. The fleet of 130 ships - including 22 fighting galleons - sailed in a crescent shape.London was warned that the Armada was nearing England's coastline. As the Armada sailed up the English Channel, it was attacked by an English force lead by [|Sir Francis] [|Drake]. What the English did was waste a lot of ammunition firing at the Armada and not having much of an impact as the Spanish ships had well built hulls that proved to be solid.However, the English fleet blocked off any chance the Armada had of going back down the English Channel. English win
 * Spanish Armada:** The Spanish Armada sailed from Spain in July 1588. The Spanish Armada's task was to overthrow protestant England lead by [|Queen Elizabeth I]. The Spanish Armada proved to be an expensive disaster for the Spanish but for the English it was a celebrated victory making [|Sir Francis Drake] even more of a hero than he already was.Holland wanted its independence. They did not like being made to be Catholic; in fact, Protestant ideas had taken root in Holland and many of those in Holland were secret Protestants.Spain used a religious secret police called the **Inquisition** to hunt out Protestants. However, during Elizabeth's reign, the English had been helping the Dutch Protestants in Holland. This greatly angered the king of Spain - Philip II - who wanted to stop this. He had for a short time been married to Elizabeth's half-sister, [|Mary], and when they were married, England was Catholic. With England under his control, Philip could control the English Channel and his ships could have an easy passage from Spain to the Spanish Netherlands. Spanish troops stationed there could be easily supplied.


 * Bourbon dynasty:**The Bourbons first became an important family in 1268, with the marriage of Robert, Count of Clermont, sixth son of king Louis IX of France, to Beatrice of Burgundy, heiress to the lordship of Bourbon. Their son Louis was made duke of Bourbon in 1327.Philip V of Spain started the Bourbon rule of Spain, which spans from 1700-1808, 1813-1868, and 1875-1931, and again from 1975 to the present day.


 * Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659 :** [|peace treaty] between [|Louis XIV] of France and [|Philip IV] of Spain that ended the Franco-Spanish War of 1648–59


 * Nobility of the sword:** The **Nobility of the Sword** consisted of the nobles of the court and of the nobles of the provinces. The former were few in number, perhaps a thousand, but they shone with peculiar brilliancy, for they were the ones who lived in Versailles, danced attendance upon the king, vied with each other in an eager competition for appointments in the army and navy and diplomatic service, for pensions and largesses from the royal bounty. These they needed, as they lived in a luxurious splendor that taxed their incomes and overtaxed them.


 * Baroque**- Was a style of art that started after the Renaissance art. It was made to create feelings of emotion on the people.


 * Nobility of the robe-** They were the new nobles that the kings appointed in the courts. This gave more power to the king and took it away from the nobles.


 * Bernini**


 * Duke of Sully: King Henry IV:** He reduced debt and added to the treasury. He made sure that everyone paid the right amount of taxes to the king. He also made the nobles pay for exemptions on taxes every year.


 * Versailles Palace:** It is the palace where Louis XIV and his nobles lived. A lot of money went into the palace, food and entertainment. There are a lot of rooms and gardens. One of the most famous rooms is the hall of mirrors.


 * Cardinal Richelieu:** Was the hand of the puppet, king Louis XIII. He established an efficient administrative system using intendents, who further weakened the local nobility. He changed the royal council, leveled castles, and crushed aristocratic conspiracies.

**// Politique //**


 * Winter Palace**-


 * Intendant system **


 * Dutch Style**


 * Peace of Alais**


 * Rembrandt** is one of my favorite artists! he was enrolled at the University of Leiden. The program did not interest him, and he soon left to study art - first with a local master, Jacob van Swanenburch, and then, in Amsterdam, with Pieter Lastman, known for his historical paintings. After six months, having mastered everything he had been taught, Rembrandt returned to Leiden, where he was soon so highly regarded that although barely 22 years old,


 * Louis XIV, “sun king”: "**When Louis sneezed, all of Europe got a cold." He ruled France from 1643-1715, the longest monarchy in Europe. He stabled the economy, applied mercantilism in France, took power from the nobles, gained France land and was not influenced by any woman. and pretty much all of France revolved around him and Versailles. His strategy of having all the nobles stay with him at the giant 700 room Palace of Versailles was adapted by many other absolutist rulers.


 * French Classicism**


 * “L’etat,C’est moi”**


 * Jean Baptiste Racine**


 * Fronde -** Described anyone who opposed the French government. These people were often attacked by the nobles.


 * Moliere-** playwriter, wrote mostly comedies, hypocrasies of society.


 * Cardinal Mazarin-**French cardinal and statesman who controlled the French government while [|Louis XIV] was young. Mazarin was a conservative who followed the aims of [|Cardinal Richelieu], his main sponsor. Their goals were to support the Catholic Church, to secure and maintain royal absolutism in France, and to make France the leading power of Europe. His main achievements were the ending of the [|Thirty Years War] through the [|Treaty of Westphalia] in 1648 and his defeat of the Fronde in 1653. Using an elaborate network of personal relations, he restored royal authority to the point at which the king could rule alone.


 * Corvee**

In 1662, the new king – Louis XIV – took an earnest interest in Versailles. Louis XIV, also known as The Sun King, distrusted the Parisians and wanted to move his Royal Residence away from the [|Louvre Palace], which was at the heart of constant political turbulence. The Sun King was largely responsible for the expansion that resulted in the building that still stands today. He hired architect Louis Le Vau along with artist Royal ChapelCharles Le Brun to carry out the work on this Baroque masterpiece, which became the quintessential model for all palaces in Europe. + It is the palace where Louis XIV and his nobles lived. A lot of money went into the palace, food and entertainment. There are a lot of rooms and gardens. One of the most famous rooms is the __hall of mirrors.__
 * Versailles Palace:**


 * Edict of Fountain bleu**


 * Jansenists**

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 * mercantillism**: Mercantilism is economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. [|Adam Smith] coined the term “mercantile system” to describe the system of political economy that sought to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports. This system dominated Western European economic thought and policies from the sixteenth to the late eighteenth centuries. The goal of these policies was, supposedly, to achieve a “favorable” balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and also to maintain domestic employment.======
 * bullionism**: