Wars+of+Religion

Please insert any relevant information, pictures, links, etc. that you find dealing with the Wars of Religion.

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Terms: ID the following terms. Include any and all information that you feel is relevant to the term. If possible identify any other IDs your term is related to.


 * Baroque Art** - Barouque art can be charictorized by a few aspects. First of all its use of exagerated lights and darks to make the painting seem more intense and vivid. Also the vivid color and dramatic lights and darks helped to contribute to the emotion and drama in the art. Some of the great Baroque artists were: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Gentileschi, Rubens, Poussin, Vermeer, Maderno, Bernini.


 * Bernini** -


 * Caravaggio** -


 * Peter Paul Rubens** -


 * Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis 1559** - April 3, 1559, agreement marking the end of the 65-year (1494–1559) struggle between [|France] and [|Spain] for the control of Italy, leaving Habsburg Spain the dominant

power there for the

next 150 years. In the last phase of the war, fought mostly outside of Italy, France Defeats, coupled with the beginning of the religious struggle between the Roman Catholics and the Huguenots in France, and the financial difficulties of both powers, led to the peace. Henry II of France restored Savoy and Piedmont to Spain’s ally, Emmanuel-Philibert of Savoy; Henry also restored Corsica to Genoa and renounced his hereditary claim to Milan. Although France finally gave up its claims to Italian territory and Spain retained the predominant position in Italy that it had secured in the [|Treaty of Cambrai] in 1529,


 * Phillip II** -


 * Dutch Revolt** -


 * Antwerp** - Was a major center of trade in the low land countries(Netherlands, Belgum, ect.). The city was said to hold 2500 ships at once and everyday 5000 merchants would come through the city.


 * William of Orange** - William the silent was in the 30 years war on the Lutherns side. He was helped by the French and he was the first person to be assasinated by a hand gun.


 * Spanish Netherlands** - Had lots of religios problems. They wanted to break away from the empire.


 * Spanish Armada** - A large fleet of ships sent to England by the spanish in 1588 to take over England; however, the fleet miserably failed and was destroyed, thus taking spain out of the running as a world power.


 * French Civil Wars** - []

Catherine became Queen of France, but she still remained inconspicuous. It was only on Henry II's death, 10 July, 1559, that Catherine's political career really began. Her son Francis II, husband of Mary Stuart, was king, and the Guises Mary Stuart'suncles, were in power, a condition that overtaxed Catherine's patience. The Huguenots relied on her because everyone knew that the psalms of Marot had always delighted her, and that she had recently promised the Prince de Conde and the Admiral de Coligny, who were Huguenot leaders, liberty and security for their followers. Catherine's policy remained just what it had been during Francis' brief reign. She continued to oscillate between the Catholics and Protestants in order to establish the dominion of the royal family, and was forever manoeuvring between Protestant England, whose queen, Elizabeth, she sought at certain times as a daughter in law, and CatholicSpain, whose king, Philip II, was her son in law. Thus did Catherine strive to insure the independence and political self government of French royalty. As Charles IX, Catherine's second son and the successor of Francis II, was scarcely ten years old, Catherine was regent and virtually sovereign. She named Anthony of Bourbon, King of Navarre and a Protestant, lieutenant general of the kingdom, increased l'Hopital's power, inflicted upon the Guises a sort of political defeat by imposing an obstacle to the marriage of Mary Stuart with Don Carlos, son of Philip II, and convoked the conference of Poissy in an endeavour to bring about a theological understanding between Catholics and Huguenots.
 * Catherine de Medici** -

This massacre of which Protestants were the victims occurred in Paris on 24 August, 1572 and in the provinces of France, and it has been the subject of knotty historical disputes. The idea of a summary execution of the Protestant leaders, which would be the means of putting an end to the civil discord that had caused three "religious wars" in France in 1562-1563, 1567-1568, and 1569-1570 respectively, had long existed in the mind of Catherine de' Medici, widowof Henry II and mother of the three successive kings, Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III; it had also been entertained by her sons. As early as 1560 Michaelis Suriano, the Venetian ambassador, wrote: "Francis II (1559-1560) wanted to fall upon the Protestant leaders, punish them without mercy and thus extinguish the conflagration." When, in 1565, Catherine de' Medici with her son Charles IX (1560-1574) and her daughters Margaret of Valois and Elizabeth, wife of Philip II, investigated the political and religious questions of the hour at the conferences of Bayonne, the Duke of Alba. The peace signed at Saint-Germain, August, 1570, between the Court and the Protestants seemed to reestablish order. It was sanctioned by conferences held at La Rochelle in which on the one side a war was planned against Philip II, all the Calvinist nobility being supposed to enlist; and on the other, the marriage of Henry of Bourbon a Calvinist and the son of Jeanne of Albret, with Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX. On 12 September, 1571, the Admiral de Coligny came to Blois, where Charles IX resided, to superintend and further this new policy, and it would seem that just at that time the king was sincere in seeking the support of Coligny and the Protestants against Philip II.
 * St. Bartholomew Day Massacre** -


 * War of the Three Henry’s** - It was between Henry of Guise(Catholic), Protestant Henry of Navarre and the Current King of France, Henery the third(Catholic). King Henery had Henry of Guise assassinated. King Henry died in battle and Henry of Navarre was named king of France, but almost all of France was Cathlic and he was Celvin.


 * Henry IV** - When Henry of Navarre became king he changed his name to Henry the Forth. He canged to Catholic, because "France is worth the mosk".

The Edict of Nantes marked the end of France’s Wars of Religion [1562 – 1598]. Over the course of these wars a series of treaties had been negotiated that provided certain privileges to the Huguenots.
 * Edict of Nantes** -

The **Peace** of **Augsburg** of **1555** had brought a temporary truce in the religious connict in the German states. This settle-ment had recognized only Lutherans and Roman Catholics, but Calvinism had subsequently made gains in a number of states. The Calvinists began to demand recognition of their rights. The Thirty Years' War began, however, as a direct result of a conflict in the Hapsburg-ruled Kingdom of Bohemia.
 * Thirty Years War** -

This phase of the Thirty Years War encompassed the years 1618 through 1621. Faced with increasing pressure from the Habsburgs, the Bohemians rose in revolt. They deposed the Habsburgs and crowned Frederick V of the Palatinate as their King. Initially, the revolt seemed destined for success. However, Ferdinand II struck back, subsidized by his Spanish relatives and in alliance with the Catholic League and with Lutheran Saxony. The Bohemians were utterly defeated near Prague at the White Mountain. Simultaneously the Spanish had invaded and conquered the Lower Palatinate, Frederick’s territories on the Rhine. This enabled the Spanish to secure the land route from their territories in Northern Italy to their lands in modern-day Belgium.
 * Bohemian Phase** -

This phase of the Thirty Years War encompassed the years 1625 to 1630. Foreign powers opposed to the Habsburgs could not look with equanimity on the developments in Germany. The French, English and Dutch formed a league to oppose the Habsburgs. They found their champion in Christian IV of Denmark, who also had extensive possessions in northern Germany. Christian invaded, but was crushingly defeated by the army of the Catholic League and a new Imperial force under the enigmatic Bohemian condottiere Wallenstein. Emboldened by victory, the Emperor issued the Edict of Restitution, requiring the return of all lands expropriated from the Roman church since the 1550’s. Fearing Wallenstein’s power, the territorial rulers forced the Emperor to remove him from power and reduce the size of the Imperial army.
 * Danish phase** -


 * Edict of Restitution** -1629, The Jesuits persuaded the emperor of Habsburg to issue this so all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 would be restored. Only Catholics and Lutherans would be allowed to practice their faiths.

This phase of the Thirty Years War encompassed the years 1630 through 1634. Concerned by growing Habsburg power along the Baltic, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded northern Germany. He was not welcomed by his fellow Lutherans: his sole significant ally were the French, who subsidized his army. After the Swede’s allied city of Magdeburg was destroyed by an Imperial army, the Protestants grew concerned and began to arm. When the Imperial forces moved against Saxony, the Elector of Saxony threw in his lot with the Swedes. The Swedish army met the Imperials at Breitenfeld near Leipzig and annihilated them. The Swedes promptly took over most of southwest Germany. The Emperor had no choice but to recall Wallenstein. The Swedes and Wallenstein’s new army met near Leipzig at Lützen. The battle was a draw, but Gustavus was killed. Fearing Wallenstein’s power, and concerned by his intrigues with hostile powers, the Emperor had him killed. The Imperial and Spanish armies joined and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Swedes at Nördlingen. All the Swedish gains in southern Germany were lost.
 * Swedish Phase** -

This phase of the Thirty Years War encompassed the years 1630 through 1634. Concerned by growing Habsburg power along the Baltic, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded northern Germany. He was not welcomed by his fellow Lutherans: his sole significant ally were the French, who subsidized his army. After the Swede’s allied city of Magdeburg was destroyed by an Imperial army, the Protestants grew concerned and began to arm. When the Imperial forces moved against Saxony, the Elector of Saxony threw in his lot with the Swedes. The Swedish army met the Imperials at Breitenfeld near Leipzig and annihilated them. The Swedes promptly took over most of southwest Germany. The Emperor had no choice but to recall Wallenstein. The Swedes and Wallenstein’s new army met near Leipzig at Lützen. The battle was a draw, but Gustavus was killed. Fearing Wallenstein’s power, and concerned by his intrigues with hostile powers, the Emperor had him killed. The Imperial and Spanish armies joined and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Swedes at Nördlingen. All the Swedish gains in southern Germany were lost.
 * French phase** -


 * Treaty of Westphalia** - It was the turning point in European political, religous, and social history. It meant war of religion was over (30 years war). It declared german princes were independent. Frances power increased as did Sweden's. the papacy had no power in Germany and Calvinism was recognized.


 * Oliver Cromwell** -


 * New Monarchs** - The New Monarchs were John I of portugal, Charles VII of france, Louis XI of France, Isabella of Castile/ Ferdinand, and Henry VII of England.


 * Louis XI** - was very mush a Renaissance prince. He saw money as the answer for problems.


 * Francis I** -


 * Taille** -


 * Concordat of Bologna, 1516** -


 * Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges** - It asserted the superiority of a general council over the papacy, giving the French crown major control over bishops, and deriving pope of French ecclesiatical revenues.


 * Henry VII** -

The Court of Star Chamber was named for the star pattern painted on the ceiling of the room at Westminster Palace where its meetings were held. The Court of Star Chamber was a court of law which evolved from meetings of the king's royal council. Although its roots go back to the medieval period, the court only became powerful as a separate entity during the reign of Henry VII. In 1487 the court became a judicial body separate from the king's council, with a mandate to hear petitions of redress.
 * Star Chamber** -


 * Ferdinand and Isabella** - King and Queen of Spain. Had the best monarchy in Europe.


 * Reconquista** - was a period of about 700 years (539 years in Portugal) in the [|Middle Ages] during which several [|Christian] kingdoms of the [|Iberian Peninsula] succeeded in retaking (and repopulating) the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim [|Al-Andalus] Province. []


 * Hermandades** - "brotherhood"a peacekeeping association of armed individuals, a characteristic of municipal life in medieval Spain, especially in Castile. //Hermandades// are known to have existed as early as the 12th cent. Since the medieval Spanish kings were for the most part unable to offer adequate protection, protective municipal leagues against bandits and other rural criminals, as well as against the lawless nobility, began to emerge in the 12th cent.


 * Hapsburgs** - Family that ruled spain and the Holy Roman Empire.


 * Holy Roman Empire** - Takes up Germany and modern day northern Italy.


 * Commercial Revolution** -


 * “God, glory, gold”** - Is considered the 3 G's to Mr. Bosch, and is the reason to why many nations invested in joint stock companies. The whole point of going over seas to the Americas was for God to spread there relgion, Glory to gain more land for their country, and Gold to obviously gain more money.

n n of the world, establishing direct contacts with Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceana and mapping the planet. Historians often refer to the 'Age of Discovery' as the pioneer Portuguese and Spanish long-distance maritime travels in search of alternative trade routes to "the Indies", moved by the trade of gold, silver and spices.
 * Age of Discovery** - The **Age of Discovery**, also known as the **Age of Exploration**, was a period in history starting in the 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans engaged in intensive exploratio


 * Age of Expansion** -


 * Age of Reconnaissance** -


 * Leaf Ericson** - He was regarded as the first European to land on North America. He established a Norse settlement at Vinland. Actual spelled Leif Ericson. A norse explorer, son of Eric the red, hence the name Eric-Son, is said to have reached the area of present day Newfoundland almost 500 years before Columbus stumbled upon the Carribean.


 * Prince Henry the Navigator** - He was responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other countries.


 * Bartholomew Dias** - He was a Portuguese explorer that was the first explorer to get around the tip of Africa, but then he turned around. He was hit with severe storms and his mean threatened to mutiny, so he turned around. By discovering that it was possible to sail arround the southern tip of Africa to India he opened the door for European spice trade. Taking contol of this, Portugal was able to become a very rich and powerful country for once.


 * Vasco de Gama** - He was a portuguese mariner the went to Calcuta India in 1498. he went for Christians and spices. He sailed all the way around africa.


 * Amerigo Vespucci** - He was the man that the Americas were named after. He was from Portugal originally. He took two trips to the new world and was employed by the Medici Family. He found the New World before clumbus. He was a master mapmaker.

Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa.He was a Christian and wanted to tell the story of Christ to the people he would find in the far-away lands. He also wanted wealth for himself and for Spain, and he wanted to be famous.He tried for eight years to get King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to supply him with ships and money. Finally they agreed, but he made more demands.They finally agreed and he got three ships ready to sail; the Santa Maria and two smaller ships, the Pinta and the Nina. He took enough food for a year. In four months he was ready to sail.They left Spain on August 3, 1492. They made one stop, then sailed on toward the west. After many days, the sailors were ready to turn around and start back home. Columbus not only discovered a New World, but he led the way for other explorers.
 * Christopher Columbus** -


 * Bartolome de las Casas** - He believed that Indians could be saved and could be good christians. He wrote th Apologetic History of the Indies. He was also a Dominican priest that settled in the new world. He made an abstract diary of Columbus's journey.


 * Treaty of Tordesillas** - Was the treaty that stated spain gets all the land that touches the pacific ocean in the Americas, and portugal got all land in South America that touched the Atlantic ocean. It was facilitated by Alexander VI.


 * Ferdinand Magellan** - He was commissioned by King Charles V of S[ain to find direct route to spice islands. He was thefirst to circumnavigate the world.

“**Old Imperialism”** - Set up ports on the land, but not take it over.


 * “Golden Age of Spain”** -


 * Dutch East India Company** - First company to issue stock. It was established in 1602. It possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonies.


 * Technological advances allowing** - In 1350, the cannon- iron or bronze guns fired stone balls. Narrow open boats called galleys propelled largely by manpower. The Caravel- a light sailing ship. The magnetic compass. Astrolate- an instrument developed by Muslim navigators in the twelth century used to determine the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies permitted sailors to use latitude.


 * exploration** -


 * Columbian Exchange** - It was the most important age of discovery. Both the New world and Europe were transformed by the Age of Exploration and the exchange of goods between the two. For Europe it was good because it meant improved wealth, improved diet, rise of global empires. For the Ameridians it was awful. There was lots of disease suchas small pox, measles, influenza to America. The social stricture also changed. People could work their way into a different class.


 * Smallpox** - is the only disease that has been completely wiped out throughout the world. Smallpox is also potentially one of the most devastating biological weapons ever conceived.


 * Potato** - The word potato may refer to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. In the region of the Andes, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Despite being first introduced outside the Andes region four centuries ago, today potatoes have become an integral part of much of the world's cuisine and are the world's fourth-largest food crop, following rice, wheat, and maize. Long-term storage of potatoes requires specialised care in cold warehouses and such warehouses are among the oldest and largest storage facilities for perishable goods in the world.Sailors returning from Peru to Spain with silver presumably brought maize and potatoes for their own food on the trip. Historians speculate that leftover tubers (and maize) were carried ashore and planted. Basque fishermen from Spain used potatoes as ships stores for their voyages across Atlantic in the 16th century, and introduced the tuber to western Ireland, where they landed to dry their cod. Plus potatoes are just really freakin' awesome.


 * Witch hunts** - People killed a lot of innocent people (usally from diferent religions) because they thought they were witches. Mostly women, witches were people who had supposedly made a deal with the devil for supernatural powers. When being accused of being a witch, you were usualy tortured until you addmitted to being a witch, then when forced to admit being a witch, you were usualy burned alive on a stake, or hung. It's believed that 40,000 executions over 250 years took place in Europe.