Renaissance

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 * Italian Renaissance**- Is referred to as the cultural achievements between the 14th and 16th century.


 * City-states-** Italy during the renaissance was not one whole country, and was divided into city-states. They had there own ruler(s) and were self governing. They were always in competition of one another for power. Milan, Florence, Venice and Genoa were one of the wealthiest and most powerful city-states. They would show their wealth by putting paintings and sculptures in there cities.
 * Milan, -**was a republic but Szforza family ruled harshly and dominated the smaller cities of the north.
 * Florence,** was wealthy despite its geographical constraints; It was controlled by banking families, most notably the Medici family. By the end of the 14th century, it had such a strong economic foundation that even when it lost almost half its population from the Black Death, it didn't make a dent in the economy.
 * Venice,** -was the international power. Oligarchy of merchant aristocrats actually ran the city. It also had the biggest merchant marine ( it was bigger than all of Europe's power combined).
 * Genoa-** It was one of the five big cities in Italy. It became very wealthy during the renaissance. This city gained its wealth from all the trade that went through it. All of Italy's trade on land going north went through Genoa. See Milan, Florence, and Venice for other wealthy city states.


 * Signori**-despots or one-man rulers that were found around Italy in the 1300s. They remained ruling Italy for the next 2 centuries. They pretended to observe the law while actually manipulating it to conceal their illegality.


 * Oligarchies-** the rule of merchant aristocracies**.** They began appearing in Italy in the 1300s and remained for the next 2 centuries. Oligarchic regimes possessed constitutions but only a small restricted class of wealthy merchants exercised judicial, executive,and legislative functions of government.


 * Commenda system-** Contract between merchant and merchant adventurer who agreed to take goods to distant location s and return with the proceeds for 1/3 of the profit. []


 * Condotierri:** In Italy, a band of mercenary soldiers. They were hired by the city states.


 * Republic of Florence:** Although a republic with the power in several councils of state, the power of Florence was held by the Medici banking family from 1434-1494.

The Medici Family was the main banking family of Florence. Because of Florence's abundance in wealth from their strong banking institute the Medici family would often commission an artist to create an art piece for the city to make Florence beautiful.
 * Medici Family**-
 * Cosimo de’ Medici-** From Florence. He supported a Florentine-Venetian alliance.


 * Lorenzo de’ Medici (the Magnificent)**- [] **Lorenzo de Medici** was born on January 1, 1449 in Florence, Italy. "Lorenzo The Magnificent," as he was called by the people of Florence, was a statesman, ruler, and patron of the arts. "The Magnificent" was a common title of respect in Italy at the time, but it was Lorenzo who raised it to special status. click the link to read more...


 * Duchy of Milan**-


 * Sforza Family**- Ruled Milan during the renaissance. They were very powerful and wealthy.


 * Republic of Venice**- was ranked as a international power because of its enormous trade and vast colonial empire. It was run by an oligarchy of merchant aristocrats even though it had a sophisticated constitution and was a republic.


 * Papal States**- Existed in Central Italy. During the Babylonian Captivity they came under the sway of important Roman families. Pope Alexander VI reasserted papal authority in the papal lands. Cesare Borgia conquered the peninsula and gained obedience form the principalities making up the Papal States.


 * Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies** -


 * Girolamo Savonarola**- He attacked what he called the paganism and moral vice of the city, the undemocratic government of Lorenzo de' Medici, and the corruption of Pope Alexander VI. He became the religious leader of Florence and as such contributed to the fall of the Medici dynasty. Eventually, people became tired of his moral denunciations, and he was excommunicated by the pope and executed.


 * Machiavelli, The Prince**- Published in 1513, //The Prince// was the most widely read and studied book in the Renaissance. It talks about political power, how a ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. He also discusses how a citizen should relate to the state. Machiavelli believes that all humans are selfish and only act for self interest. Because of this, he believes that rulers must make use of and manipulate people in any manner.


 * Cesare Borgia**- The son of Pope Alexander VI, he was a very powerful man in Rome. He was ruthless and even a little cruel, but he was not hated. He perhaps a vision similar to what Machiavelli thought was a good leader.


 * Individualism** - stresses personality, genius, uniqueness and the fullest development of ones capabilities and talents. Individualism was shown in art as well. Artists would paint their own faces into their art and or also sign their art work to take pride in what they created; as opposed to the original beleif that anything one made was only a creation of God and not a creation of their own.


 * Secularism** - concern for material world instead of spiritual interests


 * Sack of Rome, 1527** -Rome was captured and sacked in 1527 by the emperor Charles V (Queen Catherine's nephew).


 * Charles V** - In 1519, he succeeded his grandfather Maximilian(1493-1519) as Holy Roman Emperor. He inherited claims to the imperial title, Austria, and Burgundy. Because of his mother, he acquired Spain, the territories in Italy, and the New World.


 * Petrarch** - Considered to be the father of Humanism.


 * Lorenzo Valla** - Was the foremost expert in Latin. He fixed the Bible which caused many people to question the church's teachings.


 * Castiglione, Book of the Courtier**- It is a famous book that Baldassare Castiglione wrote. In it was the Ideal education for the upper class men, some of which are: Read and write Latin, read and write Greek, be an artist, be a musician, know how to fight, and religion! =)


 * Johann Gutenberg, printing press**- Printing made propaganda possible. Provided a faster way to create books.


 * Pope Alexander VI** - was one of the most corrupt popes ever. He came from a family which bought their way up the hierarchy of the church. He committed pretty much every crime imaginable. It made people question why the head of the church didn't do what it preached about. He also basically drew a line down the middle of the earth and gave half the world to Spain and the other half to Portugal. Originally named Rodrigo Borgia. yo.


 * Brunelleschi, Il Duomo**- Brunelleschi Dome, constructed and built by Fillipo Brunelleschi in the early 12th century. The building occupies about three city blocks and can be seen from nearly everyone inside Florence, Italy. One of the most brilliant painting is on the wall of the dome,"The Last Judgment." One side of the dome is painted with images of heaven and the other with images of hell.


 * Ghiberti** - He built the big bronze doors that went on the cathedral.


 * Donatello, David** - Donatello was the first to create a statue which was in the nude, which was made out of bronze. It was a statue of David. It was also free standing, a style popular in Greek and roman statues, made popular in the renaissance.


 * Botticelli, Birth of Venus** - The birth of Venus was a renaissance painting. It was a painting of the Greek goddess of love. It showed many key components to a humanist painting. First of all, Venus is nude. That is not something you would find on a middle ages painting. It is also Greek, which makes it humanist too. Venus is putting all of her wait on her right foot and letting her other leg just sit there. It also has the 3-d effect that the painters in the renaissance used.

. **Leonardo da Vinci** - Leonardo da Vinci was considered by many to be a true Renaissance man because of his pioneering in science, inventing, painting, and astronomy. Some inventions Leonardo da Vinci made were: the flying machine, the machine gun, the parachute, and the tank. Although none of these inventions were put to test in his time, it has been concluded that if he would have had the proper materials at the time to make these inventions the inventions would have worked. Leonardo da Vinci also was a pioneer in science. His biggest interest in science was the human body and how it worked. A few times Leonardo da Vinci went behind what the church declared right and cut open a cadaver. By doing this Leonardo was able to see what few were able to see before him and was able to further understand how the human body functions. Even though Leonardo da Vinci was a great pioneer in science and inventing he is mostly remembered for his priceless paintings. Because Leonardo was able to perfect the skill of using lights and darks in his paintings to show depth it truly made Leonardo a master in painting
 * “High Renaissance"** - Centered in Rome. It featured classical balance, harmony, and restraint.

**Raphael, School of Athens** - He was a painter who founded the school of Athens- which is Humanism at it's best. It was humanist because the bodies of the Greeks, had the heads of Raphael and his friends. Humanists paintings tended to have the artist painted in. It also had the 3-d effect that humanist paintings had.


 * Michelangelo** - Famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. He painted the ceiling with brilliant images that could be around 30 feet tall. He would lay on his back for days to paint over 300 images on the ceiling. He also was a famous sculptor, for "David" and "Pieta".


 * David**, - Originally commissioned as one of a series to be positioned high up on the facade of Florence cathedral__,__ the statue was instead placed in a public square, outside the Palazzo della Signoria, the seat of civic government in Florence, where it was unveiled on 8 September 1504. Because of the nature of the hero that it represented, it soon came to symbolize the defense of civil liberties embodied in the Florentine Republic, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family. Also it was completely carved out of marble. yo.
 * ceiling of the Sistine Chapel**,
 * Pieta:** famous sculpture done by Michelangelo


 * Mannerism** - Art style that rebelled against the perfection of the High Renaissance art. It often had unnatural colors and had elongated, exaggerated shapes.


 * El Greco** -He was the most famous of the Mannerist painters. He was a Greek painter who did most of his work in Spain.


 * Northern Renaissance**- Anything above Italy was part of the Northern Renaissance. Some of the different thing tat went on in the north is that most of the paintings and sculptures were about religion. The cathedrals also stayed the same Gothic style.


 * Christian Humanism** - Christian humanism is the same ideas of humanism, and still very religious. They have the thoughts of education and the thoughts of upping your social rank, but they also will use there skills to paint of religion.


 * Erasmus, In Praise of Folly** - A book written by Erasmus that was a satire of worldly wisdom and a plea for the simple and spontaneous Christian faith of children; and, most important, a critical edition of the Greek New Testament.