WWI+and+Revolution

** Ch 27 Terms ** ** Three Emperors’ League: ** created in 1873, this group included the leaders of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia. These conservative leaders would band to stop the radical movements. This was initially proposed by Bismarck because he feared a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia over the Balkans because the Ottoman Empire's power was fading.

** Black Hand ** was a Serbian terrorist group that was responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife. This event was one that had a major impact on the out break of WWI.

** Triple Entente: ** Formed in August 1914, this united Great Britain, France, and Russia. This was made to check Germany's desires for power and strangle Austria-Hungary who supported Germany.

** Trench warfare: ** By November 1914, trenches were dug to protect the troops from machine-gun fire. The trenches extended from Belgium to Switzerland.This stalled both sides and brought the war to a stalemate. Barbed wires, mines, and a never ending firing of the artillery was used to prevent the other side from going over the top of trenches and charging. This kind of warfare resulted in mass deficit of life with only a slight gain in land. //All Quiet on the Western Front// by Erich Remarque (1917) details the atrocities of trench warfare.

** Lusitania: ** A British passenger liner that was sunk by a German submarine in May 1915. It was carrying arms and munitions; however, 1000 passengers, 139 of whom were American, were killed. President Woodrow Wilson was outraged at the attack and ordered Germany to reduce the amount of submarine warfare it committed unless they wanted to risk the United States also joining the war. Germany relaxed its policy for two years.

** Total war: ** When government and nation gives everything possible to win a war. Every aspect is devoted to the cause. Free-market capitalism is abandoned to prioritize products and ration the materials they have. The government imposes price and wage controls and restrictions on workers' movements. Each of the great nations' political leadership began to plan the nation's economies to make the greatest possible military effort in WWI.

** War Raw Materials Board: ** Initiated by Walter Rathenau (a Jewish industrialist in charge of a German electric company), this board rationed and distributed raw materials during the time of war. All materials that were deemed useful were rationed. The board also began synthesizing new materials to substitute (ex: synthetic rubber). Everything was recycled to help with the war.

** League of Nations: ** Woodrow Wilson insisted on creating this group. It was composed of himself, Clemenceau of France, and Lloyd George of Great Britain. France and Great Britain joined unenthusiastically because they were more concerned with how Germany should be dealt with. Wilson felt that only with a permanent international organization could the member states end their feuding and help prevent future wars. France wanted revenge and security for France by forcing Germans to pay massive war reparations and creating a buffer between themselves and Germany. Wilson and George disapproved of the idea leading to a deadlock in April. Finally a defense alliance was made amongst the countries instead of a buffer.

** Petrograd **** Soviet: ** The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was a council modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905. It was composed of workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals. They watched the provisional governments moves and passed their own laws.

** Army Order No. 1: ** An order issued to the Russian military forces by the Petrograd Soviet. Officers in the army were stripped of their position and the power was granted to small groups of soldiers. This was done to protect the revolution from officers that could lead a counter-revolution (ex: Napoleon in France). The army fell into chaos and had no discipline. Officers were hung for "sins" they committed.

** Bolsheviks -It was Lenin's camp which meant "majority group". **

** Constituent Assembly: ** In November of 1917 the Bolsheviks promised a freely elected assembly to create a new constitution; however, the elections set back the Bolsheviks because they receive less than 1/4 the delegates. Instead the Socialist Revolutionaries (the peasants' party) won majority.

** War communism - the application of the total war co9ncept to a civil conflict- they seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work. **

** Cheka - It was the old tsarist secret police which hunted down and executed thousands of real or supposed foes, such as the tsar and his family and other "class enemies." They sowed fear and silenced opposition. **

** Treaty of Versailles: ** It was between the Allies and Germany to restore international order and establish the reparations that Germany would have to pay. Germany's colonies were given to France, Britain, and Japan. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France and the areas of Poles in Germany ceded to the new Polish state. Germany's army was limited to 100,000 men and they could not build any military fortifications in the Rhineland. Germany did not like the terms outlined but could not refuse because the Allies still had their naval blockade in place.

** Balfour Declaration: ** In November 1917, Arthur Balfour, the British foreign secretary declared favoring a "National Home for the Jewish People" in Palestine. The civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jew communities would not be prejudiced via their cil and religious rights. They felt declaring this would encourage Jews in Germany, Austria, and the United States to help the British war effort. This angered Arab nationalist because they felt that Western imperialism was replacing the power the Turks once had in the Middle East.

** Nicholas II ** The last Russian Czar. He relied on old ways and wanted to keep Russia an autocratic government. His poor leadership led Russia into Revolution.

** Revolution of 1905 **

** October Manifesto ** Issued by Czar Nicholas II after the Revolution of 1905. It issued a new government, the Fundamental Laws, and a parliament, the Duma. It also gave more rights to citizens.

** Vladimir Lenin- ** He was a Russian Marxist Revolutionary, author, lawyer, and creater of the Soviet Communist Party. He was head of the Bolsheviks and led the Red Army to victory in the Russian Civil War.

** Leon Trotsky-a spellbinding revolutionary orator and independent radical Marxist, who brilliantly executed the Bolshevik seizure of power. He convinced the Petrograd Soviet to form a special military-revolutionary committee in October and make him its leader. His second major stroke was to insist that the Bolsheviks reduce opposition to their coup by taking power in the name not of the Colsheviks but of the more popular and democratic soviets, which were meeting in Petrograd from all over Russia. On the night of November 6th, militants from his committee joined the trusty Bolshevik soldiers to seize the government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government. **

** February Revolution **

** Rasputin ** An uneducated "holy" man from Siberia. The Czarina trusted him to heal her son Alexi from hemophilia, but he was an evil, power-hungry, perverse man. It took forever to kill him.

** Provisional Government - ** This was an administrative body that was sought to govern Russia after Tsar. It was formed in Petrograd and led by Prince Gregory L'Vov.

** Alexander Kerensky- ** He was a major political leader. He had served as the second prime minister of the Russian Provisional Government before Lenin. He had died while in exile.

** April Theses **

** October Revolution **

** Red Army- It was the army that was formed by Trotsky. He led it with his great leadership. He would draft soldiers. Soldiers that were deserting or disobeying an order were shot. Trotsky made effective use of former tsarist army officers, who were actively recruited and given unprecedented powers of discipline over their troops. **

** Reds: ** The Bolsheviks living in southern Russia, Ukraine, Siberia, and west of Petrograd.

** Whites: ** Those opposed to the Bolsheviks. They came from various social groups, democratic soviets and officers of the old army.