Ideologies+and+Upheavals



Where the four allies of the Quadruple alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain) met to assist in minor ways by a host of delegates from the smaller European states. Also they agreed to raise the number of formidable barriers against renewed French aggression. They wanted to establish permanent peace, keep the traditional balance of power, and act in self-interest. The Congress restored the Bourbon dynasty, gave France the same boundaries it had in 1792, and did not require war reparations to be paid. Because of this, no feelings of injustice or desires for revenge were created that might lead to another war. To form barriers, the low contries (Belgium and Holland) were united under a Dutch monarchy and Prussia was given some French land on the eastern border to serve as the "sentinel on the Rhine." This helped surround France with powerful nations to restore balance. Tsar Alexander I of Russia wanted to restore Poland to name himself ruler. Prussia agreed if only they could gain Saxony. Austria, France, and Great Britain secretly signed an alliance, forcing Russia and Prussia to accept small areas of their desired land.
 * Congress of Vienna**:

liberalism: The principal ideas of liberalism are liberty and equality. It was initially radical and first realized successfully in the American Revolution. This called for a representative government (not a monarchy) and equality (not based on class). The freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and the freedom from arbitrary arrest were formed.

laissez faire: "classical liberalism" This idea of free economy was formulated by Adam Smith. This called for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference. This idea promoted continued economic growth during the Industrial Revolution. All citizens are given an equal opportunity on this self-regulating market.

nationalism:Had its immediate origins in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. Early advocates of the "national idea" argued that each peaople had its own ganius and its own cultural unity. For Nationalists this cultural unity was basically self-evident, manifesting inself especially in a common language, history, and territory. It was more of a dream than reality. Each ethnic group had its own dialect which could have been a much different version of French that was spoken on the other side of France. So, villages often failed to communicate well with other villages around it. This then made it hard to have nationalism because people could not communicate with the others that lived in their country.

socialism:It surpisingly began in France after 1815, when the napoleonic wars were over. Early believers were disturbed because they saw these developments in Great Britains industry as fomenting selfish individualism and spliting the coummunity into isolated fragments. They believed in economic planning. They agrued that the government should rationally organize the economy and not depend on destructive competition to do the job. They also shared the desire to help the poor, and they preached that the gap between the rich and poor needed to be more equal. Lastly, they also believed that private property should be strictly regulated by the government or that it shoulc be abolished and replaced by the state or community ownership.

Romanticism: The style of are, writing and music at the time. People would write, sing or paint what they felt, and used a lot of emotion in their work. They critisized the IR, and promoted the countryside and the power of nature. The writers and painters lived very amotional lives and were modern day "hippys". It was a revolt against the enlightenment and classicism.

Sturm und Drang:in Germany, early romantics called themselves this. It also means "Storm and Stress." It means that many of the romantic artists lived lives of tremendous emotional intensity. Suicide, duels to death, madness, and strange illnesses were not uncommon. They also usually led Bohemian lives, weraing their hair long and uncombed in preference to powdered wigs andlivving in cold garrets rather thatn frequently stiff rooms. The rejected matierialism and sought to escape to lofty spiritual heights through their art. They believed in development of ones's unique human potential to be the supreme purpose in life.

Corn Laws, 1815- Created in England. The aristicracy cramed this law through parlement to benifit themselves. It regulates forien trade on grain and weat on the contenent. It states that until food prices rise to a designated price, (ussually very high) we won't buy grain and wheat to sell foods made in England. This hurd everyone exept the aristicracy, because prices were super high, and as a result, killed the economy.

Great Famines In Ireland. The potato, the very much needed crop for Ireland, had some very bad seasons because of disease and backwards tecknology in farming. Thousands of people starved, lots of people migrated and food prices rose in Europe. Was devastating in Ireland, uncomfortable in England.

Holy Alliance- Formed by Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815. It was proposed by Tsar Alexander I to repress the liberal and revolutionary movements across Europe. This worked until 1848, but only in central Europe (he could do nothing against Latin American republics that broke from Spain).

** Carlsbad **** Decrees, 1818 - ** Metternich of Austria's decrees that the 38 German states had to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers. He also established spies and informers to fish out any organizations who were liberal or radical. He did this because he hated liberal political change. He blamed the liberal middle class for causing the lower class (who only want peace and quiet) to get stirred up.

parasites: The court, aristocracy, lawyers and churchmen (according to Saint-Simon)

doers: The leading scientists, engineers, and industrialists. (according to Saint-Simon)

bourgeoisie: The middle class Marx felt society was split between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. He believed that the proletariat would conquer the bourgeoisie in a revolution because of their growth in size and class consciousness.

proletariat: The modern working class A revot put down in England. It was the working class vs. parliament and their army. It happened in the town of Peters, so the working class called it the battle of Peterloo to show the opposite of Nationalism, opposed to the battle of waterloo where England had a great victory. In response to the Six Acts (which outlawed protesting and the right to assembly).
 * Battle **** of Peterloo **

dual revolution: Economic and political changes that occur at the same time. This term was coined by Eric Hobsbawm. This started in 1815, before the revolutions were separate and proceeded at different paces. After 1815 these changes would reinforce the other giving radical results.

conservatism- This is a political and social philosophy that supports gradual change in society. Some conservatists seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity.

Klemens von Metternich- was an internationally orientated aristocrat who made a brillant diplomatic career in Austria. He was the foriegn minister from 1809-1848, and he always remained loyal to his class and jealouly defended its rights and priveledges. He did it with a clear conscience. He believed that liberalism had been responsible for a generation of war in France. He blamed liberal middle-class revolutionaries for stirring up the lower classes, which he believed desired notheing more that apeace and quiet. The idea of national self-determination was repellant to him. It not only threatened the primacy of the aristocracy but also threatened to destroy the Austrian Empire and revolutionize Europe.

German Confederation (Bund) Parts of Prussia, Austria and everythind inbetween. It was a whole bunch of small states and was too big to unify together at the time. Prussia tryed to create it as a country and rule it, but that would offset the balence of power and Russia and Austria stopped Prussia from doing it.

Concert of Europe

Quadruple Alliance-It consisted of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain. They met at the Congress of Vienna to reaffirm their determination to hold France in line. They decided how they would set up barriers along France, so it could not take over like Napolean had just done. They were motivated by self interest and traditional ideas about the balance of power.

Congress System- balance of power after congress of vienna

Tories- members of the conservative party.

Decembrist Uprising, 1825

Classical liberalism- Around 1815. People wanted liberty and equality. These ideas were spreading fast in Europe. The monarchs got fearfull of revolutions, so Austria, Prussia and Russia tried to stop the ideas and stop rebelion in eastern europe. They were doing a somewhat good job, but revolutions were enevitabel.

David Ricardo, “iron law of wages” : His //Iron Law of Wages// stated that attempts to improve the real income of workers were futile and that wages tended to stabilize at subsistence level. Though many of his ideas are obsolete, he was a major figure in the development of classical economics and is credited as the first person to systematize economics.

John Stuart Mill, //On Liberty// (1859) //://In his treatise On Liberty he argues that in the past the danger had been that monarchs held power at the expense of the common people and the struggle was one of gaining liberty by limiting such governmental power. But now that power has largely passed into the hands of the people at large through democratic forms of government, the danger is that the majority denies liberty to individuals, whether explicitly through laws, which he calls "acts of public authority," or more subtly through morals and social pressure, which he calls "collective opinion //."//

Greek Revolution The Greeks wanted their independents from the Ottoman Empire. They kept their same language, tradishions and religion as a people. They got help from Russia, Great Britan, Austria and other countries. They did this because they liked the culture and hated the Turks. Russia also did this to keep Greece's ortodox church. They got their independence and a german prince was placed as king.

Revolutions of 1830

Louis Philippe, “Bourgeoisie King”
 * Guiseppe Mazzini- He was a great Italian poet that believed that "in laboring according to the true principles of our country we are laboring for Humanity". Thus the liberty of the individual and the love of a free man nation overlapped greatly in the 19th century.**

Whigs- The whig party was led by great aristocrats. In 1830 a whig ministry introduced an act to amend the representation of the people of England and Whales. This was passed by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords. By 1832 the Whigs got the King to promise to create enough new peers to pass the law, and the House of Lords gave in.

Reform Bill of 1832- This act introduced a wide ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Whales. The act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the industrial revolution and took away seats from the "rotten boroughs." The act also increased the number of people able to vote.

Factory Act of 1831: No night work for persons under the age of 21

Mines Act, 1842 : No female was to be employed underground. No boy under 10 years old was to be employed underground. Parish apprentices between the ages of 10 and 18 could continue to work in the mines. There were no clauses relating to hours of work, and inspection could only take place on the basis of checking the 'condition of the workers'. Ironically, many women were annoyed that they could no longer earn the much needed money.

Chartists English reformers who wanted rights to vote and advocated better econmic and social conditions forworking people.

Anti-Corn Law League: British organization founded in 1839, devoted to fighting England’s Corn Laws, regulations governing the import and export of grain. It was led by Richard Cobden, who saw the laws as both morally wrong and economically damaging. The league mobilized the industrial middle classes against the landlords, and Cobden won over the prime minister, Sir Robert Peel. The Corn Laws were repealed in 1846. Disliked the Corn Law in England. They gathered together and signed a patishion. This was thrown away by parlement.

**Revolutions of 1848:** All the countries of europe whent through mainly, unsucsessfull Revolutions. Great Britan and Russia did not go through them, though. GB had a lot of reforms to the constitutinal monarchy. With both the troy and wig party trying toget the appeal of the people, the citizens were satisfied with what they had. In other countries, however, different classes all wanted diferent things. The working class wanted major reforms on condishions and voting, the aristicracy and kings wanted that they allready have, the peasents wanted voting and food, and liberalist wanted almost a comunist kind of government. The end result was a little bit of reforming to the monarchys and a lot of dead working class.

** Second **** French Republic **

“June Days” Revolution Working class got desimated by the peaseants and wealthy during the revoltes of 1848. They were fighting for more rights and representation.

Frederick William IV

Immanuel Kant- He published many important works on science, religion, law, and history believing himself to be creating a compromise between empiricism and rationalism. He was a German philosopher. One of his most famous works was called "Critique of Pure Reason."

William Wordsworth-He was a leader in English romanticism. He traveled to France after his graduation from Cambridge. He was deeply influenced by Rousseau and the spirit of the Early French Revolution, so he returned to England and settled with his sister in the country side. In 1798 him and Samuel Taylor Coleridge published their //Lyrical Ballads//, which abondoned flowery classical conventions for the language of ordinary speech and endowed simple subjects with the loftiest majesty.

Lord Byron- Nicknamed the "romantic hero" he was a british poet and a leading figure in romanticism. He was celebrated in life for aristorcratic excesses which included huge debts, numerous love affairs and self imposed exile.The most notorious Romantic poet and satirist. Byron was famous in his lifetime for his love affairs with women and Mediterranean boys. He created his own cult of personality, the concept of the 'Byronic hero' - a defiant, melancholy young man, brooding on some mysterious, unforgivable in his past.Byron's influence on European poetry, music, novel, opera, and painting has been immense, although the poet was widely condemned on moral grounds by his contemporaries.

Grimm’s Fairytales Fairytales created in Germany during the Romantic period. These tails had been told for generations and was first writen down now.

**Victor Hugo**

Ludwig van Beethoven

Peter Tchaikovsky

Henry de Saint-Simon -He proclaimed tremendous possibilities of industrial development: 'The age of gold is before us!" They key to progress was proper social organizaiton. Such a society would be split up into the parasites and the doers. He also stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social instituion ought to have as its main goal improved conditions for the poor.

Louis Blanc Wrote //Organization of Work//. Very much suported socialism and that society should destribute the wealth. Also see Pierre Joseph Proudhon.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon: Proudhon was apprenticed as a printer and became interested in politics after he was involved in printing. Proudhon now turned to writing and in 1840 published [|What is Property?] In the book Proudhon attacks the injustices of inequality and coined the phrase, "property is theft". In the book Proudhon attacks the injustices of inequality and coined the phrase, "property is theft". Proudhon contrasted the right of property with the rights of liberty, equality, and security, saying: "The liberty and security of the rich do not suffer from the liberty and security of the poor; far from that, they mutually strengthen and sustain each other. The rich man’s right of property, on the contrary, has to be continually defended against the poor man’s desire for property." Wrote //What is Property?// It talkes about a lot of the ideas from Utopia and the perfect society. Was also a Socialist.

Karl Marx Was a socialist. He wanted to give more rights to the poor and women. He was a believer of equality and a planned economy. He predicted that a large revolution would take place against the working class and the ruling class. He also said that the factory owners and wealthy will always take advantage of the working class that is doing all the work. Had the same ideas of communism and Utopia.

**Friedrich Engels**

dialectical materialism