Industrial+Revolution


 * Industrial Revolution : ** Industrial revolution which started in Britain, was when fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England. The changes that occurred during (1760-1850), occurred gradually. Changes in industrial organization and new technology resulted in increased production, efficiency and profits, and the increase in commerce, foreign and domestic, all conditions promoted the advent of the Industrial Revolution. Many of these conditions were so closely interrelated that increased activity in one spurred an increase in activity in another. Without the industrial revolution our advances today would no longer exist and we would not be as advanced, their may be no electricity or cell phones without the revolution. ( what helped spur it on??)


 * spinning jenny- ** The Spinning jenny was invented by Hargreaves. 6 to 24 spindles were mounted to a crank and wove cotton. This made turning cotton into thread a lot easier, yet still very simple and inexpensive. Now with more thread, weavers no longer need to wait so long for thread, and now weavers are being paid very well (why??). Also, this invention's out-put is limited to how much you can turn the crank( is this a problem??).


 * water frame - ** The Water Frame was invented by Arkwright. It could spin several hundreds spindles because it had more power from the flowing rivers as opposed to a crank. The water energy originated from a large wheel that rotated water. One setback to this invention was that the thread was coarse and hard, so it needed to be re-spun by man-powered Spinning jenny's. The process of thread making was still faster with the water frame.


 * body linen ** was considered to be undergarments worn people in society. before only the rich could afford these; however, once food became less expensive and cotton made clothes cheaper the average man could begin to afford these. Which helped hose with feeling more comfortable. Pretty much the first undergarment for the average person, other than the good ol' burlap sack. (showed increase in standard of living/purchase power???)(mass production benfitting society ??)


 * steam engine ** Was created by Thomas Saver (Newcomen also created a steam engine at the same time) to replace animals that were pumping water out of mines. in the early stages of the steam engine, it was very inefficient and created little amount of energy. even though the machine was more affective than animals it only gave about one percent of the energy possible. it wasn't until James Watt, an inventor and professor for the university of Glasglow, made the steam engine more efficient in 1769 by adding separate condenser. from that point on the steam engine was used in many places such as railroads, cars, boats, and many other various things.(key to the industrial revolution??? solved the energy problem??)


 * coke ** an energy source that is made from distilled coal. it was often used to refine pig iron and other metals.


 * Rocket ** Was made by George Stephen in 1825. The train ran in england between the cities of Liverpool and Manchester. It could move at the "fast" rate of 16 MPH, which was fast for its time, and was the first important railroad system of its time. This started the construction of railroads, and the want to create a railroad which could move faster. eventually railroads were being built all over and could reach much faster speeds.

**Navigation Acts In** 1651, it was a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships to trade between Great Brit. and its colonies.
** Crystal **** Palace ** In 1825 the industrial fair was held here and over 6 million people came to see the amazing event. the palace was made out of iron and glass which was very modern and inexpensive (how ios this a change??) for its time. another name for the fair was the "Great Exhibition." (display england as the "workshop of the world??)


 * iron law of wages ** Was written by David Ricardo. He felt that with a higher population wages would go down to the point of being able to only afford food. Because of all the negative view on political science economics was dubbed the "Dismal Science." (wages would always be just at sustenance levels) (population growth would limit wage increases) (seems like he is right for several decades)


 * economic nationalism ** Was created by Fredrick List who believed a country should have high protective tariffs to protect the economy from being flooded with cheap goods. Also, he felt that industry was a good thing because with more industry, poverty would become less and families would be able to live more comfortably. (what is the purpose of economic nationalism/why does he come up with this idea???) (does it work?)


 * tariff protection- ** Tariff protection is something that the continent was doing to try to get their economy and industry booming like England's. In order to do that the people had to invest and buy your product. The problem was that the businesses couldn't compete with England's industries, because they were cheaper and better quality. So, the governments put tariffs on foreign products to make their products cheaper than the rest. This helped small businesses take off in Germany, Belgium and France. (quote from the book maybe?)


 * Credit Mobilier- ** This can refer to either a railroad construction company that built the first transcontinental rail in 1860 or a French bank or a scandal in 1872 involving the Union Pacific Railroad and the Credit Mobilier of America (a construction company) regarding the construction of the first transcontinental road. It started during Lincoln's presidency in 1864. Shares of Credit Mobilier's stock was distributed by Oakes Ames (a congressman) with bribes. This scandal was revealed in 1872 during Grant's presidency. (why would be we talking about the credit mobilier scandal in the US????)


 * class-consciousness : ** The understanding and awareness that there are different classes. the members of each class feel a sense of belonging to their class and have similar needs to those in their class. (what would the impact of this be?)


 * Luddites- ** Handicraft workers, who attacked whole factories in Northern England in 1812. They smashed the new machines, and they believed the machines were putting them out of work. (resisited new technology)


 * Factory Act of 1833- ** This act limited child labor and the number of hours children could work in textile factories. The working day was to start at 5:30am and stop at 8:30pm. A younger person aged 13-18 would not be employed beyond 12 hours. A child between the ages of 9-13 would not work more than 9 hours. This act helped limit child labor and shorten the work days. Children under the age of 9 had to attend school which was provided by the factory workers. It was to reduce cruel labor put on small children. It was needed because children were being treated like slaves. They would work all day, then they would be locked up at night. It helped contain a lot of the exploitation of children. (why was it needed??) Families were not able to work together, although some hours were reduced, so was family time, and the ability for parents to teach and discipline their own children the way they wanted to.


 * Mines Act of 1842- ** This act prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under the age of 10. Put into action because people that saw these women and children and men were appaulled, that these people were working without shirts on and some were naked because it was so hot in the mines, and they thought it was innappropriate to be working naked in a dark area and may lead to sexual actions.


 * Combination Acts- ** The prime minister, William Pitt decided to take action against political agitation among industrial workers so he decided to pass the combination acts. This outlawed unions and strikes. They were repeated in 1824. (why did he want it in place????? why was it repealed??)


 * Grand National Consolidated Trades Union: ** In 1833 Robert Owens returned from the United States declaring England needed a guild-based way to cooperatively produce. In 1843 the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union was formed. It was only open to trade unionist and never gained support outside of London. (vague)


 * James Watt- ** He was a Scottish engineer and mechanical engineer. He improved Newcomen's Steam Engine and made it much more efficient by adding a second condenser. The SI unit of power, Watt, was named after him. He also developed the concept of horsepower. (perfected the steam engine, allowed the industrial rev to flurish)

"At the bar of the world of opinion," he wrote, "I charge the English middle classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other crimes in the calendar." He said that the new pverty of industrial workers was worse than the old pverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers. His extremly influential charge of middle class exploitation and increasing worker poverty was embellesihed by Marx and the socialists at a later time.
 * Zollverein ** In Germany **, ** Is another name for customs unions, which List supported the idea of customs unions became popular in 1834 and were good because goods could be moved throughout a country without internal tariffs.To facilitate such an arrangement, Austria was to undertake major reforms, in particular to remove the custom line between Austria and Hungary, to abolish its trade prohibitions, and to revise its tariff. It did not last.
 * Friedrich Engels - ** A German philosopher who wrote //The Condition of the Working Class in England.// (which said what????? feelings on the Industrial rev???)

**Thomas Malthus -** A British scholar who wrote //An Essay on the Principle of Population.// He wrote that sooner or later population gets checked by famine and disease. (vague, need more detail)
In his opinion the only hope of warding off such "positive checks" to population graowth as war, famine, and disease was "Prudential restraint." This meant that men and women had to limit population by getting married later in life. Although he was not optimistic about this possibility. The powerful attraction of the sexes would cause most people to marry early and have many kids.